D. Abufalia, The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean, 2011.

P. Adamo, M. Arienzo, M. R. Bianco, F. Terribile, and R. Violante, Heavy metal contamination of the soils used for stocking raw materials in the former ILVA iron???steel industrial plant of Bagnoli (southern Italy), Science of The Total Environment, vol.295, issue.1-3, pp.17-34, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0048-9697(02)00020-7

E. C. Adams and J. T. Salmon, The mouth-parts and feeding methods of Brachystomella parvula (Schaeffer) (Collembola: Brachystomellidae), Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London, vol.81, issue.5, 1972.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-395699-6.50010-9

M. A. Altieri and C. I. Nichols, Soil fertility management and insect pests: harmonizing soil and plant health in agroecosystems, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.72, issue.2, pp.203-211, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-1987(03)00089-8

S. C. Antunes, R. Pereira, J. P. Sousa, M. C. Santos, and F. Gonçalves, Spatial and temporal distribution of litter arthropods in different vegetation covers of Porto Santo Island (Madeira Archipelago, Portugal), European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.44, issue.1, pp.45-56, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2007.08.016

V. Archaimbault, P. Usseglio-polatera, and J. P. Bossche, Functional Differences Among Benthic Macroinvertebrate Communities in Reference Streams of Same Order in a Given Biogeographic Area, Hydrobiologia, vol.139, issue.423, pp.171-182, 2005.
DOI : 10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/148/2000/25

G. Ávila, H. Gaete, S. Sauvé, and A. Neaman, Organic matter reduces copper toxicity for the earthworm Eisenia fetida in soils from mining areas in Central Chile, Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, vol.69, pp.252-259, 2009.

D. Baize, Guide des analyses courantes en pédologie, 1988.

K. Banger, G. S. Toor, T. Chirenje, and L. Ma, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Urban Soils of Different Land Uses in Miami, Florida, Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, vol.17, issue.2, pp.231-243, 2010.
DOI : 10.1021/es990817w

E. Barrios, Soil biota, ecosystem services and land productivity, Ecological Economics, vol.64, issue.2, pp.269-285, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.03.004

J. P. Battigelli and V. G. Marshall, Relationship between soil fauna and soil pollutants, Proceedings of the forest ecosystem dynamics workshop, February 10e11. FRDA II repost 210. Government of Canada Province of British Columbia, pp.31-34, 1993.

M. P. Berg, M. Stoffer, and H. H. Van-den-heuvel, Feeding guilds in Collembola based on digestive enzymes, Pedobiologia, vol.48, issue.5-6, pp.589-601, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pedobi.2004.07.006

E. A. Bernays, Evolution of Feeding Behavior in Insect Herbivores, BioScience, vol.21, issue.1, pp.35-44, 1998.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00620496

R. B. Blair, BIRDS AND BUTTERFLIES ALONG AN URBAN GRADIENT: SURROGATE TAXA FOR ASSESSING BIODIVERSITY?, Ecological Applications, vol.9, issue.1, pp.164-170, 1999.
DOI : 10.1577/1548-8659(1981)1<55:ANTFFM>2.0.CO;2

W. Block, J. G. Baust, F. Franks, I. A. Johnston, and J. Bale, Cold Tolerance of Insects and Other Arthropods [and Discussion], Philosophical transactions of the royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, pp.313-633, 1990.
DOI : 10.1098/rstb.1990.0035

B. Pedersen, M. Van-gestel, C. A. Elmegaard, and N. , Effects of copper on reproduction of two collembolan species exposed through soil, food, and water, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.4, issue.10, pp.2579-2588, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-1752-1_2

N. Cassagne, M. C. Bal-serin, C. Gers, and T. Gauquelin, Changes in humus properties and collembolan communities following the replanting of beech forests with spruce, Pedobiologia, vol.48, issue.3, pp.267-276, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pedobi.2004.01.004

C. E. Cerniglia, Biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, Biodegradation, vol.15, issue.2-3, pp.351-368, 1992.
DOI : 10.1099/00221287-11-3-341

F. Chevenet, S. Dolédec, and D. Chessel, A fuzzy coding approach for the analysis of long-term ecological data, Freshwater Biology, vol.31, issue.3, pp.295-309, 1994.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00038688

P. Clergeau, J. Jokimaki, and R. Snepp, Using hierarchical levels for urban ecology, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.21, issue.12, pp.660-661, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.tree.2006.09.006

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00130020

J. E. Cohen, Human Population: The Next Half Century, Science, vol.302, issue.5648, p.1172, 2003.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1088665

D. C. Coleman, D. A. Crossley, and P. F. Hendrix, Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, 2004.

J. H. Cornelissen, S. Lavorel, E. Garnier, S. Dìaz, N. Buchmann et al., A handbook of protocols for standardised and easy measurement of plant functional traits worldwide, Australian Journal of Botany, vol.51, issue.4, pp.335-380, 2003.
DOI : 10.1071/BT02124

J. Cortet and N. Poinsot-balaguer, Collembola populations under sclerophyllous coppices in Provence (France): comparison between two types of vegetation, Quercus ilex L. and Quercus coccifera L. ActaOecol, vol.19, pp.413-424, 1998.

P. J. Crutzen, Geology of mankind, Nature, vol.415, issue.23, 2002.

A. B. Czarnetzki and C. C. Tebbe, Detection and phylogenetic analysis of Wolbachia in Collembola, Environmental Microbiology, vol.291, issue.1, pp.35-44, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1097(99)00499-1

A. B. Czarnetzki and C. C. Tebbe, Diversity of bacteria associated with Collembola ?????? a cultivation-independent survey based on PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes, FEMS Microbiology Ecology, vol.48, issue.2, pp.217-227, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1097(99)00499-1

A. P. Davis, M. Shokouhian, and S. Ni, Loading estimates of lead, copper, cadmium, and zinc in urban runoff from specific sources, Chemosphere, vol.44, issue.5, pp.997-1009, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00561-0

D. Bartolo, S. Otten, W. Cheng, Q. Tarquis, and A. M. , Preface "Modeling soil system: complexity under your feet", Biogeosciences, vol.8, issue.11, pp.3139-3142, 2011.
DOI : 10.5194/bg-8-3139-2011

T. Decaëns, J. J. Jiménez, C. Gioia, G. J. Measey, and P. Lavelle, The values of??soil animals for??conservation biology, European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.42, pp.23-38, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.07.001

D. Franchis, L. Ibanez, and F. , Threats to Soils in Mediterranean Countries Document Review, 2003.

C. R. De-kimpe and J. L. Morel, URBAN SOIL MANAGEMENT: A GROWING CONCERN, Soil Science, vol.165, issue.1, pp.31-40, 2000.
DOI : 10.1097/00010694-200001000-00005

S. Díaz and M. Cabido, Vive la diff??rence: plant functional diversity matters to ecosystem processes, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.16, issue.11, pp.646-655, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(01)02283-2

D. Gennaro, A. Terribile, and F. , I suoli della Provincia di Napoli, Carta 1:75.000 e Legenda. Camera di Commercio Industria Artigianato e Agricoltura di Napoli, 1999.

E. Doblas-miranda, F. Sánchez-piñero, and A. González-megías, Soil macroinvertebrate fauna of a Mediterranean arid system: Composition and temporal changes in the assemblage, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.39, issue.8, pp.1916-1925, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2007.02.009

J. W. Doran, Soil quality and health: the international situation and criteria for indicators, Proceedings, Workshop on Soil quality indicators for New Zealand agruculture. 8-9, 1996.

A. Dube, R. Zbytniewski, T. Kowalkowski, E. Cukrowska, and B. Buszewski, Adsorption and migration of heavy metals in soil, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol.10, pp.1-10, 2001.

I. Eitminaviciute, Microarthropod communities in anthropogenic urban soils. 1. Structure of microarthropod complexes in soils of roadside lawns, Entomological Review, vol.40, issue.2, 2006.
DOI : 10.3161/00159301FF1997.40.2.015

W. Endlicher, P. Hostert, I. Kowarik, E. Kulke, J. Lossau et al., Perspectives in urban ecology. Studies of ecosystems and interactions between humans and nature in the metropolis of Berlin, 2011.

C. H. Ettema and D. A. Wardle, Spatial soil ecology, Trends in Ecology & Evolution, vol.17, issue.4, pp.177-183, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02496-5

C. Fiera, Biodiversity of Collembola in urban soils and their use as bioindicators for pollution, Pesquisa Agropecu??ria Brasileira, vol.40, issue.8, pp.868-873, 2009.
DOI : 10.3161/00159301FF1997.40.2.015

Z. Filip, International approach to assessing soil quality by ecologically-related biological parameters, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.88, issue.2, pp.169-174, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S0167-8809(01)00254-7

J. Filser, R. Wittmann, and A. Lang, Response types in Collembola towards copper in the microenvironment, Environmental Pollution, vol.107, issue.1, pp.71-78, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00130-X

. Fjellberg, The Collembola of Fennoscandia and Denmark, 2007.

J. A. Foley, R. Defries, G. P. Asner, C. Barford, G. Bonan et al., Global Consequences of Land Use, Global Consequences of Land Use, pp.570-574, 2005.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1111772

M. T. Fountain and S. P. Hopkin, Biodiversity of Collembola in Urban Soils and the Use of Folsomia candida to Assess Soil ???Quality???, Ecotoxicology, vol.13, issue.6, pp.555-572, 2004.
DOI : 10.1023/B:ECTX.0000037192.70167.00

G. K. Frampton, P. J. Van-den-brink, and P. J. Gould, Effects of spring precipitation on a temperate arable collembolan community analysed using Principal Response Curves, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.14, issue.3, pp.231-248, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0929-1393(00)00051-2

E. Garnier, J. Cortez, G. Billès, M. Navas, C. Roumet et al., PLANT FUNCTIONAL MARKERS CAPTURE ECOSYSTEM PROPERTIES DURING SECONDARY SUCCESSION, Ecology, vol.85, issue.9, pp.2630-2637, 2004.
DOI : 10.1046/j.1469-8137.2002.00479.x

. V. Gergócs, Á. Garamvölgyi, R. Homoródi, and L. Hufnagel, SEASONAL CHANGE OF ORIBATID MITE COMMUNITIES (ACARI, ORIBATIDA) IN THREE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MICROHABITATS IN AN OAK FOREST, Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, vol.9, issue.2, pp.181-195, 2011.
DOI : 10.15666/aeer/0902_181195

N. B. Grimm, S. H. Faeth, N. E. Golubiewski, C. L. Redman, J. G. Wu et al., Global Change and the Ecology of Cities, Science, vol.20, issue.5833, pp.756-760, 2008.
DOI : 10.1126/science.1140170

K. B. Gongalsky, Z. V. Filimonova, and A. S. Zaitsev, Relationship between soil invertebrate abundance and soil heavy metal contents in the environs of the Kosogorsky Metallurgical Plant, Tula oblast, Russian Journal of Ecology, vol.45, issue.1, pp.67-70, 2010.
DOI : 10.1078/0031-4056-00100

V. González, M. Díez-ortiz, M. Simón, and C. A. Van-gestel, Application of bioassays with Enchytraeus crypticus and Folsomia candida to evaluate the toxicity of a metal-contaminated soil, before and after remediation, Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol.13, issue.7, pp.1199-1208, 2011.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1949.036159950013000C0021x

S. Hågvar, The relevance of the Rio-Convention on biodiversity to conserving the biodiversity of soils, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.9, issue.1-3, pp.1-7, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00115-2

M. A. Hamza and W. K. Anderson, Soil compaction in cropping systems, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.82, issue.2, pp.121-145, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.still.2004.08.009

C. Hawkes, S. N. Kivlin, J. D. Rocca, V. Huguet, M. A. Thomsen et al., Fungal community responses to precipitation, Global Change Biology, vol.8, issue.4, pp.1637-1645, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/S1360-1385(03)00184-5

M. Hedde, P. Lavelle, R. Joffre, J. J. Jiménez, and T. Decaëns, Specific functional signature in soil macro-invertebrate biostructures, Functional Ecology, vol.7, issue.4, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(96)00103-4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01608549

M. Hedde, F. Van-oort, and I. Lamy, Functional traits of soil invertebrates as indicators for exposure to soil disturbance, Environmental Pollution, vol.164, pp.59-65, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.01.017

T. Diekötter, J. Dirksen, F. Herzog, J. Liira, M. Roubalova et al., How landscape structure, land-use intensity and habitat diversity affect components of total arthropod diversity in agricultural landscapes, Journal of Applied Ecology, vol.44, pp.340-351, 2007.

V. H. Heywood, The Mediterranean Region. A Major Centre of Plant Diversity Wild Food and Non- Food Plants: Information Networking, pp.5-15, 1998.

M. Martinez, B. Peco, P. J. Wilson, K. Thompson, J. P. Grime et al., A functional method for classifying European grasslands for use in joint ecological and economic studies, Basic in Applied Ecology, vol.6, pp.119-131, 2005.

R. L. Hooke, J. F. Martín-duque, and J. Pedraza, Land transformation by humans: A review, GSA Today, vol.12, issue.12, pp.4-10, 2012.
DOI : 10.1130/GSAT151A.1

S. P. Hopkin, Biology of the springtails (Insecta: Collembola), 1997.

S. P. Hopkin, A Key to the Collembola (Springtails ) of Britain and Ireland, 2007.

R. E. Ingham, J. A. Trofymow, E. R. Ingham, and D. C. Coleman, Interactions of Bacteria, Fungi, and their Nematode Grazers: Effects on Nutrient Cycling and Plant Growth, Ecological Monographs, vol.55, issue.1, pp.119-140, 1985.
DOI : 10.2307/1942528

M. D. Jakovljevic, N. M. Kostic, and S. B. Antic-mladenovic, The availability of base elements (Ca, Mg, Na, K) in some important soil types in Serbia, Proceedings for Natural Sciences, pp.11-21, 2003.
DOI : 10.2298/ZMSPN0304011J

C. Joslyn and L. Rocha, Towards semiotic agent-based models of socio-technical organizations, Proc. AI, Simulation and Planning in High Autonomy Systems, pp.70-79, 2000.

A. L. Juhasz and R. Naidu, Bioremediation of high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: a review of the microbial degradation of benzo[a]pyrene, International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, vol.45, issue.1-2, pp.57-88, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0964-8305(00)00052-4

A. Kabata-pendias and A. B. Mukherjee, Trace elements from soil to humans, 2007.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-540-32714-1

P. Kardol, W. N. Reynolds, R. J. Norby, and A. T. Classen, Climate change effects on soil microarthropod abundance and community structure, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.47, issue.1, pp.37-44, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.apsoil.2010.11.001

D. L. Karlen, M. J. Mausbach, J. W. Doran, R. G. Cline, R. F. Harris et al., Soil quality: a concept, definition and framework for evaluation, America Journal, vol.61, pp.4-10, 1997.

J. D. Knoepp, D. C. Coleman, C. Jr, D. A. Clark, and J. S. , Biological indices of soil quality: an ecosystem case study of their use, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.138, issue.1-3, pp.357-368, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00424-2

R. G. Kuperman, C. T. Phillips, and R. T. Checkai, Toxicity of chemical warfare agent HD (mustard) to the soil microinvertebrate community in natural soils with contrasting properties, Pedobiologia, vol.50, issue.6, pp.535-542, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pedobi.2006.10.004

P. Lavelle, Faunal Activities and Soil Processes: Adaptive Strategies That Determine Ecosystem Function, Advances in Ecological Research, vol.27, pp.93-132, 1997.
DOI : 10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60007-0

P. Lavelle and A. V. Spain, Soil Ecology, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-017-5279-4

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00455666

S. Lavorel and E. Garnier, Predicting changes in community composition and ecosystem functioning from plant traits: revisiting the Holy Grail, Functional Ecology, vol.5, issue.5, pp.545-556, 2002.
DOI : 10.2307/2389258

A. Lehmann and K. Stahr, Nature and significance of anthropogenic urban soils, Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol.124, issue.1???2, pp.247-260, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/B0-12-348530-4/00305-2

H. Levrel, Selecting indicators for the management of biodiversity. Les Cahiers de l'IFB, 2007.

M. H. Lizée, J. F. Mauffrey, T. Tatoni, and M. Deschamps-cottin, Monitoring urban environments on the basis of biological traits, Ecological Indicators, vol.11, issue.2, pp.353-361, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolind.2010.06.003

K. Lock and C. R. Janssen, Comparative toxicity of a zinc salt, zinc powder and zinc oxide to Eisenia fetida, Enchytraeus albidus and Folsomia candida, 2003.

K. Lorenz, T. C. Prestonc, and E. Kandelera, Soil organic matter in urban soils: Estimation of elemental carbon by thermal oxidation and characterization of organic matter by solid-state 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, Geoderma, vol.130, issue.3-4, pp.312-323, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2005.02.004

G. Maisto, A. Alfani, D. Baldantoni, D. Marco, A. Virzo-de-santo et al., Trace metals in the soil and in Quercus ilex L. leaves at anthropic and remote sites of the Campania Region of Italy, Geoderma, vol.122, issue.2-4, pp.269-279, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.01.013

G. Maisto, F. De-nicola, P. Iovieno, V. Prati, M. Alfani et al., PAHs and trace elements in volcanic urban and natural soils, Geoderma, vol.136, issue.1-2, pp.20-27, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.01.009

M. Makkonen, M. P. Berg, J. R. Van-hal, T. V. Callaghan, M. Press et al., Traits explain the responses of a sub-arctic Collembola community to climate manipulation, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.43, issue.2, pp.377-384, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2010.11.004

A. Macfadyen, Improved funnel-type extractor for soil arthropods. The journal of animal ecology 30, pp.171-180, 1961.

M. B. Mcbride, S. Sauvé, and W. Hendershot, Heavy metal uptake and chemical changes in the rhizosphere of Thlaspi caerulescens and Thlaspi ochroleucum grown in contaminated soils, Plant Soil, vol.188, pp.153-159, 1997.

M. L. Mckinney, Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation, BioScience, vol.9, issue.10, pp.883-890, 2002.
DOI : 10.3312/jyio1952.22.56

N. E. Mcintyre, J. Rango, W. F. Fagan, and S. H. Faeth, Ground arthropod community structure in a heterogeneous urban environment, Landscape and Urban Planning, vol.52, issue.4, pp.257-274, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S0169-2046(00)00122-5

C. Menta, A. Leoni, M. Bardini, C. Gardi, and F. Gatti, Nematode and Microarthropod Communities: Comparative Use of Soil Quality Bioindicators in Covered Dump and Natural Soils, Environmental Bioindicators, vol.38, issue.1, pp.35-46, 2008.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev.phyto.37.1.127

H. Merçot and D. Poinsot, Infection by Wolbachia: from passengers to residents, Comptes Rendus Biologies, vol.332, issue.2-3, pp.284-297, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.crvi.2008.09.010

M. C. Mims, J. D. Olden, Z. R. Shattuck, and N. L. Poff, Life history trait diversity of native freshwater fishes in North America, Ecology of Freshwater Fish, vol.49, issue.3, pp.390-400, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/BF00379810

P. Mora, E. Miambi, J. J. Jiménez, T. Deca?ns, and C. Rouland, Functional complement of biogenic structures produced by earthworms, termites and ants in the neotropical savannas, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.37, issue.6, pp.1043-1048, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.10.019

C. Mulder, Driving forces from soil invertebrates to ecosystem functioning: the allometric perspective, Naturwissenschaften, vol.50, issue.10, pp.467-479, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.08.002

J. Nahmani and P. Lavelle, Effects of heavy metal pollution on soil macrofauna in a grassland of Northern France, European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.38, issue.3-4, pp.297-300, 2002.
DOI : 10.1016/S1164-5563(02)01169-X

D. A. Neher and M. E. Barbercheck, Diversity and Function of Soil Mesofauna, 1998.
DOI : 10.1201/9781420049244.ch3

N. Iso, Soil Quality -Determination of pH, 2005.

A. Olafur, F. Bartoli, P. Buurman, E. Garcia-rodeja, J. Hernandez-moreno et al., European Volcanic soil resources, 2007.

J. Pinhero, P. Quantin, G. Stoops, F. Terribile, and F. Van-oort, European Volcanic Soil Resources, 2007.

P. Oleszczuk, Persistence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sewage sludge-amended soil, Chemosphere, vol.65, issue.9, pp.1616-1626, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.03.007

V. Parisi, La qualità biologica del suolo. Un metodo basato sui microartropodi. Acta Naturalia de L'Ateneo Parmense 37, pp.97-106, 2001.

V. Parisi, C. Menta, C. Gardi, C. Jacomini, and E. Mozzanica, Microarthropod communities as a tool to assess soil quality and biodiversity: a new approach in Italy, Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, vol.105, issue.1-2, pp.323-333, 2005.
DOI : 10.1016/j.agee.2004.02.002

I. L. Pepper, C. P. Gerba, D. T. Newby, and C. W. Rice, Soil: A Public Health Threat or Savior?, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, vol.53, issue.5, pp.416-432, 2009.
DOI : 10.1021/es034685p

E. C. Pielou, An Introduction to Mathematical Ecology, 1969.

C. Pies, T. A. Ternes, and T. Hofmann, Identifying sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in soils: distinguishing point and non-point sources using an extended PAH spectrum and n-alkanes, Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol.39, issue.5, pp.312-322, 2008.
DOI : 10.14430/arctic1233

G. Pietramellara, J. Ascher, M. Ceccherini, and G. Renella, Soil as a biological system, Annals of Microbiology, vol.52, pp.119-131, 2002.

S. V. Pisupati, R. S. Wasco, and A. W. Scaroni, An investigation on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emissions from pulverized coal combustion systems, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol.74, issue.1-2, pp.91-107, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0304-3894(99)00201-0

V. Pizl, J. Schlaghamerský, and J. Tríska, The effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals on terrestrial annelids in urban soils, Pesquisa Agropecuaria Brasileira, vol.44, pp.1050-1055, 2009.

J. F. Ponge, S. Gillet, F. Dubs, E. Fedoroff, L. Haese et al., Collembolan communities as bioindicators of land use intensification, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.35, issue.6, pp.813-826, 2003.
DOI : 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00108-1

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00498444

J. F. Ponge, F. Dubs, S. Gillet, J. P. Sousa, and P. Lavelle, Decreased biodiversity in soil springtail communities: the importance of dispersal and landuse history in heterogeneous landscapes, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.38, issue.5, pp.1158-1161, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.09.004

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00495402

A. A. Ponizovsky, S. Thakali, H. E. Allen, D. Toro, D. M. Ackerman et al., EFFECT OF SOIL PROPERTIES ON COPPER RELEASE IN SOIL SOLUTIONS AT LOW MOISTURE CONTENT, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.25, issue.3, pp.671-682, 2006.
DOI : 10.1897/04-621R.1

M. R. Posa and N. S. Sodhi, Effects of anthropogenic land use on forest birds and butterflies in Subic Bay, Philippines, Biological Conservation, vol.129, issue.2, pp.256-270, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.biocon.2005.10.041

M. A. Postma-blaauw, R. M. De-goede, J. Bloem, J. H. Faber, and A. Brussaard, Soil biota community structure and abundance under agricultural intensification and extensification, Ecology, vol.25, issue.2, pp.460-473, 2010.
DOI : 10.2307/2404890

M. Potapow, Synopses on paleartic collembolan. Isotomidae, 2001.

C. Radea and M. Arianoutsou, Environmental responses of soil arthropod communities along an altitudinal-climatic gradient of Western Crete in Greece, Journal of Mediterranean ecology, vol.3, pp.37-45, 2003.

M. Räty and V. Huhta, Earthworms and pH affect communities of nematodes and enchytraeids in forest soil, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol.38, issue.1, pp.52-58, 2003.
DOI : 10.1007/s00374-003-0614-5

M. J. Raupp, P. M. Shrewsbury, and D. A. Herms, Ecology of Herbivorous Arthropods in Urban Landscapes, Annual Review of Entomology, vol.55, issue.1, pp.19-38, 2010.
DOI : 10.1146/annurev-ento-112408-085351

I. Ribera, G. N. Foster, I. S. Downie, D. I. Mccracken, and V. I. Abernethy, A comparative study of the morphology and life traits of Scottisch ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) Annual of, Zoology Fennici, vol.36, pp.21-37, 1999.

I. Ribera, S. Dolédec, I. S. Downie, and G. N. Foster, EFFECT OF LAND DISTURBANCE AND STRESS ON SPECIES TRAITS OF GROUND BEETLE ASSEMBLAGES, Ecology, vol.82, issue.4, pp.1112-1129, 2001.
DOI : 10.1098/rspb.1999.0696

S. A. Reinecke, B. Helling, and A. J. Reinecke, ) coelomocytes to the fungicide copper oxychloride and relation to life-cycle parameters, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.19, issue.5, pp.1026-1031, 2002.
DOI : 10.1080/02541858.1988.11448096

J. P. Sadler, E. C. Small, H. Fiszpan, M. G. Telfer, and J. Niemela, Investigating environmental variation and landscape characteristics of an urban-rural gradient using woodland carabid assemblages, Journal of Biogeography, vol.1, issue.6, pp.1126-1138, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/B978-0-12-181370-3.50014-2

J. Salminen, C. A. Van-gestel, and J. Oksanen, Pollution-induced community tolerance and functional redundancy in a decomposer food web in metal-stressed soil, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.11, issue.10, pp.2287-2295, 2001.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4757-3121-7

S. Salmon and J. F. Ponge, Species traits and habitats in springtail communities: A regional scale study, Pedobiologia, vol.55, issue.6, pp.295-301, 2012.
DOI : 10.1016/j.pedobi.2012.05.003

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00750242

E. W. Sanderson, M. Jaiteh, M. A. Levy, K. H. Redford, A. V. Wannebo et al., The Human Footprint and the Last of the Wild, BioScience, vol.14, issue.10, pp.891-904, 2002.
DOI : 10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0891:THFATL]2.0.CO;2

R. D. Sandifer and S. P. Hopkin, Effects of Temperature on the Relative Toxicities of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn toFolsomia candida(Collembola), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.37, issue.2, pp.125-130, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/eesa.1997.1536

S. Scheu, Plants and generalist predators as links between the below-ground and above-ground system, Basic and Applied Ecology, vol.2, issue.1, pp.3-13, 2001.
DOI : 10.1078/1439-1791-00031

S. H. Schoenholtz, H. Van-miegroet, and J. A. Burger, A review of chemical and physical properties as indicators of forest soil quality: challenges and opportunities, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.138, issue.1-3, pp.335-356, 2000.
DOI : 10.1016/S0378-1127(00)00423-0

J. J. Scott-fordsmand, J. M. Weeks, and S. P. Hopkin, (Oligochaeta: Annelida), using neutral-red retention assay, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.11, issue.7, pp.1774-1780, 2000.
DOI : 10.1007/978-94-009-1752-1_2

C. E. Shannon, A Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell System Technical Journal, vol.27, issue.3, pp.379-423, 1948.
DOI : 10.1002/j.1538-7305.1948.tb01338.x

M. Sjögren, Dispersal rates of Collembola in metal polluted soil, Pedobiologia, vol.41, pp.506-513, 1997.

C. E. Smit and C. A. Van-gestel, Influence of Temperature on the Regulation and Toxicity of Zinc inFolsomia candida(Collembola), Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.37, issue.3, pp.213-222, 1997.
DOI : 10.1006/eesa.1997.1558

D. J. Spurgeon, S. R. Stürzenbaum, C. Svendsen, P. K. Hankard, A. J. Morgan et al., Toxicological, cellular and gene expression responses in earthworms exposed to copper and cadmium, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, vol.138, issue.1, pp.11-21, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/j.cca.2004.04.003

G. P. Stamou, G. V. Stamou, E. M. Papatheodorou, M. D. Argyropoulou, and S. G. Tzafestas, Population dynamics and life history tactics of arthropods from Mediterranean-type ecosystems, Oikos, vol.8, issue.1, pp.98-108, 2004.
DOI : 10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X

B. Statzner, B. Bis, S. Dolédec, and P. Usseglio-polatera, Perspectives for biomonitoring at large spatial scales: a unified measure for the functional composition of invertebrate communities in European running waters, Basic in applied Ecology, pp.73-85, 2001.
DOI : 10.1078/1439-1791-00039

W. Steffen, A. Sanderson, P. Tyson, J. Jäger, P. Matson et al., Global Change and the Earth System: A Planet Under Pressure, 2005.

S. Suthar and S. Singh, ), inoculated in municipal sewage sludge: Do earthworms pose a possible risk of terrestrial food chain contamination?, Environmental Toxicology, vol.34, issue.1/2, pp.25-32, 2008.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.05.015

M. J. Swift, O. W. Heal, and J. M. Anderson, Decomposition in TerrestrialEcosystems, 1979.

J. M. Thibaud, Y. J. Schulz, and M. M. Da-gama-assalino, Synopses on paleartic collembolan, Hypogastruridae, vol.4, 2004.

K. Touloumis and G. P. Stamou, A metapopulation approach of the dynamics of arthropods from Mediterranean-type ecosystems, Ecological Modelling, vol.220, issue.8, pp.1105-1112, 2009.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.01.032

A. Turbé, A. De-toni, P. Benito, P. Lavelle, P. Lavelle et al., Soil biodiversity: functions, threats and tools for policy makers, 2010.

M. Vandewalle, F. De-bello, M. P. Berg, T. Bolger, S. Dolédec et al., Functional traits as indicators of biodiversity response to land use changes across ecosystems and organisms, Biodiversity and Conservation, vol.34, issue.2, pp.2921-2947, 2010.
DOI : 10.1016/j.soilbio.2005.04.037

URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00521331

W. H. Van-der-putten, L. E. Vet, J. A. Harvey, and F. L. Wackers, Linking above-and belowground multi trophic interactions of plants, herbivores, pathogens and their antagonists, Trends in Ecology and Evolution, pp.547-554, 2001.

C. A. Van-gestel, E. M. Van-breemen, and R. Baerselman, Influence of environmental conditions on the growth and reproduction of the earthworm Eisenia andrei in an artificial soil substrate, Pedobiologia, vol.36, pp.109-120, 1992.

C. A. Van-gestel, E. Borgman, R. A. Verweij, D. Ortiz, and M. , The influence of soil properties on the toxicity of molybdenum to three species of soil invertebrates, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, vol.74, issue.1, pp.1-9, 2011.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.10.001

N. M. Van-straalen, Evaluation of bioindicator systems derived from soil arthropod communities, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.9, issue.1-3, pp.429-427, 1998.
DOI : 10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00101-2

N. M. Van-straalen and P. C. Rijninks, The efficiency of Tullgren apparatus with respect to interpreting seasonal changes in age structure of soil arthropod populations, Pedobiologia, vol.24, pp.197-209, 1982.

V. Vliet, P. C. Didden, W. A. Van-der-zee, S. E. Peijnenburg, and W. J. , Accumulation of??heavy metals by??enchytraeids and??earthworms in??a??floodplain, European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.42, pp.117-126, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.ejsobi.2006.09.005

M. G. Vijver, T. Jager, L. Posthuma, and W. J. Peijnenburg, IMPACT OF METAL POOLS AND SOIL PROPERTIES ON METAL ACCUMULATION IN FOLSOMIA CANDIDA (COLLEMBOLA), Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, vol.20, issue.4, pp.712-720, 2001.
DOI : 10.1897/1551-5028(2001)020<0712:IOMPAS>2.0.CO;2

M. G. Vijver, C. A. Van-gestel, R. P. Lanno, N. M. Van-straalen, and W. J. Peijnenburg, Internal Metal Sequestration and Its Ecotoxicological Relevance:?? A Review, Environmental Science & Technology, vol.38, issue.18, pp.4705-4712, 2004.
DOI : 10.1021/es040354g

A. Virzo-de-santo, D. Marco, A. Fierro, A. Berg, B. Rutigliano et al., Factors regulating litter mass loss and lignin degradation in late decomposition stages, Plant and Soil, vol.33, issue.9, pp.217-228, 2009.
DOI : 10.1007/978-3-642-46687-8

P. M. Vitousek, H. A. Mooney, J. Lubchenco, and J. Melillo, Human Domination of Earth's Ecosystems, Science, vol.277, issue.5325, pp.494-499, 1997.
DOI : 10.1126/science.277.5325.494

Z. Wang, J. Chen, X. Qiao, P. Yang, F. Tian et al., Distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from urban to rural soils: A case study in Dalian, China, Chemosphere, vol.68, issue.5, pp.965-971, 2007.
DOI : 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.01.017

M. D. Weiser and M. Kaspari, Ecological morphospace of New World ants, Ecological Entomology, vol.51, issue.2, pp.131-142, 2006.
DOI : 10.1111/j.1365-3113.1994.tb00585.x

E. Wcis?o, Soil Contamination with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Poland -a Review, Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, vol.7, pp.267-272, 1998.

V. Wolters, Biodiversity of soil animals and its function, European Journal of Soil Biology, vol.37, issue.4, pp.221-227, 2001.
DOI : 10.1016/S1164-5563(01)01088-3

C. Wong, X. Li, and I. Thornton, Urban environmental geochemistry of trace metals, Environmental Pollution, vol.142, issue.1, pp.1-16, 2006.
DOI : 10.1016/j.envpol.2005.09.004

L. Wu, J. A. Vomocil, and S. W. Childs, Pore Size, Particle Size, Aggregate Size, and Water Retention, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.54, issue.4, pp.952-956, 1990.
DOI : 10.2136/sssaj1990.03615995005400040002x

X. Zhu, B. Gao, S. Yuan, and Y. Hu, Community structure and seasonal variation of soil arthropods in the forest-steppe ecotone of the mountainous region in Northern Hebei, China, Journal of Mountain Science, vol.17, issue.5, pp.187-196, 2010.
DOI : 10.1007/978-1-4612-2804-2_1