. .. Résumé,

. .. Matériel, Analyses statistiques: modélisation de la dynamique métapopulationnelle

. .. Résultats,

. .. Discussion, 123 4.1 Taux de colonisation: effet des caractéristiques de l'arbre, de la connectivité locale et régionale

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A. Tableau, Les chiffres dans les cases grises représentent les coefficients atrribués à chaque facteurs (prédicteurs) ; les chiffres dans les cases blanches représentent la note atribuée à chacune des modalités des prédicteurs, selon leurs efffets potentiel sur l'appartion du micro-habitat cible. A noter que les groupes d'essence (ESS) ont été définis selon leur capacité à générer des micro-habitats et le diamètre dominant (DIAM) a été évalué différemment selon l'essence, 1a Typologie des peuplements forestiers définie en fonction de facteurs sylvicoles et écologiques associés à

A. Tableau, 1b Présentation des classes de diamètre considérées selon deux types d'essence

, Alnus sp., Betula sp., Carpinus sp., Fraxinus sp, Populus sp. (excepté P. tremula), Prunus sp., Salix sp, Essence « type, vol.1

, Essence « type 2 » (Acer sp., Castanea sp., Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus sp., Populus tremula, Quercus sp, Tilia sp

, DHP (diamètre à hauteur de poitrine)

, PB

, MB

, GB

, TGB

, Contexte de l'étude

, Les feux constituent la principale perturbation naturelle en milieu boréal (Rowe and Scotter 1973), brûlant en moyenne 2,8 millions d'hectares par année au Canada, 2002.

. Nappi, En effet, les incendies génèrent rapidement une nécromasse ligneuse (Tinker and Knight 2000) qui constitue une ressource importante pour de nombreuses espèces dites « saproxyliques », c'est à dire qui dépendent, au moins pendant une partie de leur cycle de vie, d'arbres moribonds ou morts, Lorsque les feux ravagent des forêts commerciales, des plans spéciaux d'aménagement sont élaborés afin de récolter rapidement les arbres brûlés avant qu'ils ne perdent leur valeur marchande, 1989.

. Saint-germain, Ces assemblages sont principalement influencés par trois types de facteurs environnementaux : (i) les caractéristiques forestière avant feu, telle la composition en essences; (ii) les conditions générées par le feu lui-même, comme la sévérité du feu et la distance à la forêt non-brûlée et (iii) la surface récoltée post-incendie, En outre, les zones forestières brûlées sont particulièrement favorables aux espèces xylophages (Cerambycidae, Scolytinae, Buprestidae) qui s'y reproduisent abondamment, 2004.

, Parmi elles figurent Acmaeops pratensis, une espèce holarctique, reconnue comme étant inféodée au bois severemment brûlé, 2010.

, La zone d'étude, d'une surface de 150 km²

. Mai,

, La composition en essences des peuplements est dominée par des conifères (54%), suivis par des peuplements mixtes (37%) et feuillus (9%)

. Boucher, Présentation de la stratégie d'échantillonnage : sélection et localisation des sites Les sites d'échantillonnage, d'une surface de 1 ha (rayon = 56 m), ont été sélectionnés en utilisant au feu, 2016.

, s'assurer d'un accès aux sites (sauf en cas d'absence d'entretien des chemins)

. Ainsi, ECOFOR) et de la carte de sévérité du feu établie par le ministère des Forêts, de la Faune et des Parcs (MFFP), les critères de sélection suivant ont été retenus pour la sélection des sites d'échantillonnage : ? Essence dominante : Epinette noire ? Sévérité feu : Roussi ou Carbonisé ? Densité de tiges: classe B (? 60 % et < 80 %), partir des informations issues de la carte forestière

, 12 m) échantillonner en fonction de la surface d'habitats (peuplements) résiduels (i.e. peuplements d'épinette noire brûlés, non récolés après incendie) dans chaque brûlis. la section écorcée. En outre, les caractéristiques suivantes ont également enregistrés : (i) le DHP de la tige; (ii) la hauteur de la tige, ? Hauteur moyenne des tiges : classe 3 (? 12 m et < 17 m) et classe 4 (? 7 m et <

D. Le-recouvrement, écorce en pourcentage ; (iv) la sévérité du feu incluant trois critères : le pourcentage de ramilles sur les branches situées dans le tiers supérieur du houppier, la hauteur de carbonisation sur le tronc (i.e. hauteur flamme) et la présence de racines carbonisées

, Au sein de chaque site, trois bûches ont été sélectionnées sur trois arbres différents parmi les cinq arbres écorcés. La bûche d'une longueur de 30 cm a toujours été toujours prélevée juste au-dessus de la section écorcée (i.e. section de 2 à 2.30 m à partir du sol)

, Quelques résultats préliminaires

, Au total, 33 sites ont été échantillonnés au sein des sept brûlis représentant 165 arbres écorcés et 99 bûches prélevées. A ce jour, seul les données issues de l'écorçage des cinq tiges d'épinette

, A l'échelle du micro-habitat (tiges d'épinette noire brûlés)

, effectuée en calibrant un modèle linéaire généralisé mixte (GLMM) en considérant le «brûlis » comme un facteur aléatoire, a mis en évidence un effet négatif significatif (i) du taux d'humidité

&. En and . Anova, pratensis entre les sept brûlis, nous avons trouvé des différences significatives (Figure A4.3). Cependant, ces différences n'étaient expliquées ni par (i) la surface d'habitat résiduel -i.e. peuplements d'épinette noire brulés

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, dist.seuil (distance seuil aux arbres anciennement occupés, en mètres) ; nb.arbres (nombre d'arbres) ; ?L opt [IC] (paramètre de disperison ? optimisé et incertitude associéz) ; dispersion (distance de dispersion

, SL (connectivité locale ancienne) -min (minimum)

. Moy,

&. Au-sein-des and R. B. Ivb-en, Au sein de chaque RB/IVB, six points d'écoute de 30 min, répétés trois fois au cours de la saison ont été réalisés (avril-mai, juin-juillet et aoûtseptembre), ceci afin d'évaluer au mieux l'activité par espèce sur un site, ainsi que pour caractériser au moins 80% de la diversité spécifique sur le point d'écoute (Archaux, 2008.

. Au-total, 18 IVB (ILS & ILV) et 36 peuplements adjacents ont été inventoriés

. Au-total, 9 ILS supplémentaires et 36 peuplements adjacents ont été échantillonnés représentant un total de 54 nouveaux points d'écoute (Figure A6)

, Ce type d'inventaire a permis d'obtenir des données sur l'occurrence (présence/absence) ainsi que sur l'activité (nombre de contact / heure) pour chaque espèce, Au total, 20 espèces de chiroptères ont pu être détectées et identifiées: Pipistrelles (80%)

N. Serotines, , vol.4

, Murins (14.2%

, Rhinolophes (1.6%

, Oreillards (0.7%)