L. T. Berner, P. S. Beck, A. G. Bunn, and S. J. Goetz, Plant response to climate change along the forest-tundra ecotone in northeastern Siberia, Global Change Biology, 2013.

C. Boisvenue and S. W. Running, Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity -evidence since the middle of the 20th century, Global Change Biology, vol.12, pp.862-882, 2006.

P. D. Brooks, P. Grogan, P. H. Templer, P. Groffman, M. G. Öquist et al., Carbon and nitrogen cycling in snow-covered environments, Geography Compass, vol.5, pp.682-699, 2011.

O. N. Bulygina, P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev, and N. N. Korshunova, Changes in snow cover characteristics over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45204, 2011.

O. N. Bulygina, P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev, and V. F. Radionov, Snow cover basal ice layer changes over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15004, 2010.

O. N. Bulygina, V. N. Razuvaev, and N. N. Korshunova, Changes in snow cover over Northern Eurasia in the last few decades, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45026, 2009.

E. Bünemann, A. Oberson, F. Liebisch, F. Keller, K. Annaheim et al., Rapid microbial phosphorus immobilization dominates gross phosphorus fluxes in a grassland soil with low inorganic phosphorus availability, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.51, pp.84-95, 2012.

F. S. Chapin, P. A. Matson, and P. M. Vitousek, Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology, 2011.

J. Chlachula, The Siberian loess record and its significance for reconstruction of Pleistocene climate change in north-central Asia, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.22, 1879.

C. C. Cleveland, A. R. Townsend, D. S. Schimel, H. Fisher, R. W. Howarth et al., Global patterns of terrestrial biological nitrogen (N2) fixation in natural ecosystems, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.13, pp.623-645, 1999.

E. R. Cook and L. A. Kairiukstis, Methods of Dendrochronology, 1990.

M. F. Cotrufo, J. L. Soong, A. J. Horton, E. E. Campbell, M. Haddix et al., Formation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss, Nature Geoscience, vol.8, pp.776-779, 2015.

E. A. Davidson and I. A. Janssens, Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change, Nature, vol.440, pp.165-173, 2006.

N. Devi, F. Hagedorn, P. Moiseev, H. Bugmann, S. Shiyatov et al., Expanding forests and changing growth forms of Siberian larch at the Polar References Urals treeline during the 20th century, Global Change Biology, vol.14, pp.1581-1591, 2008.

A. J. Dolman, A. Shvidenko, D. Schepaschenko, P. Ciais, N. Tchebakova et al., An estimate of the terrestrial carbon budget of Russia using inventory-based, eddy covariance and inversion methods, Biogeosciences, vol.9, pp.5323-5340, 2012.

J. J. Elser, M. E. Bracken, E. E. Cleland, D. S. Gruner, W. S. Harpole et al., Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, Ecology Letters, vol.10, pp.1135-1142, 2007.

J. Fardeau, Dynamics of phosphate in soils. An isotopic outlook, Fertilizer Research, vol.45, pp.91-100, 1996.

P. A. Fay, S. M. Prober, W. S. Harpole, J. M. Knops, J. D. Bakker et al., , 2015.

M. Fernández-martínez, S. Vicca, I. A. Janssens, J. Sardans, S. Luyssaert et al., Nutrient availability as the key regulator of global forest carbon balance, Nature Climate Change, vol.4, pp.471-476, 2014.

L. Finér, M. Ohashi, K. Noguchi, and Y. Hirano, Fine root production and turnover in forest ecosystems in relation to stand and environmental characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management 262, vol.11, 2008.

J. A. Foley, M. H. Costa, C. Delire, N. Ramankutty, and P. Snyder, Green surprise? How terrestrial ecosystems could affect earth's climate, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, vol.1, issue.1, pp.38-44, 2003.

V. Fomchenkov, V. Sdobnova, N. Danilov, S. Danilova, G. Kurdina et al., Forest fund of Russia (Data of State Forest Account). Tech. rep. All-Russia Research Institute of Forestry and Mechanization, 2003.

H. C. Fritts, Tree rings and climate, p.567, 1976.

E. Frossard, D. L. Achat, S. M. Bernasconi, E. K. Bünemann, J. Fardeau et al., The use of tracers to investigate phosphate cycling in soil-plant systems, In: Phosphorus in Action, vol.100, pp.59-91, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02810936

J. Galloway, F. Dentener, D. Capone, E. Boyer, R. Howarth et al., Nitrogen cycles: Past, present, and future, Biogeochemistry, vol.70, issue.2, pp.153-226, 2004.

F. Gérard, Clay minerals, iron/aluminum oxides, and their contribution to phosphate sorption in soils -A myth revisited, Geoderma, vol.262, pp.213-226, 2016.

R. F. Giehl, N. Wiren, and . Von, Root Nutrient Foraging, Plant Physiology, vol.166, pp.509-517, 2014.

R. A. Gill and R. B. Jackson, Global patterns of root turnover for terrestrial ecosystems, New Phytologist, vol.147, pp.13-31, 2000.

S. J. Goetz, M. C. Mack, K. R. Gurney, J. T. Randerson, and R. A. Houghton, Ecosystem responses to recent climate change and fire disturbance at northern high latitudes: observations and model results contrasting northern Eurasia and North America, p.45031, 2007.

E. P. Gordov and E. A. Vaganov, Siberia integrated regional study: multidisciplinary investigations of the dynamic relationship between the Siberian environment and global climate change, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15007, 2010.

A. Granier, N. Bréda, P. Biron, and S. Villette, A lumped water balance model to evaluate duration and intensity of drought constraints in forest stands, Ecological Modelling, vol.116, issue.2-3, pp.205-206, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02684573

P. M. Groffman, J. P. Hardy, C. T. Driscoll, and T. J. Fahey, Snow depth, soil freezing, and fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in a northern hardwood forest, Global Change Biology, vol.12, pp.1748-1760, 2006.

P. Grogan and S. Jonasson, Temperature and substrate controls on intra-annual variation in ecosystem respiration in two subarctic vegetation types, Global Change Biology, vol.11, pp.465-475, 2005.

P. Y. Groisman and G. Gutman, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences, 2012.

P. Y. Groisman, G. Gutman, A. Z. Shvidenko, K. M. Bergen, A. A. Baklanov et al., Intoduction: regional features of Siberia, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences. Chap, vol.1, pp.1-17, 2012.

P. Y. Groisman, T. A. Blyakharchuk, A. V. Chernokulsky, M. M. Arzhanov, L. B. Marchesini et al., Climate changes in Siberia, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences. Chap, vol.3, pp.57-109, 2012.

P. Y. Groisman, T. R. Karl, R. W. Knight, and G. L. Stenchikov, Changes of snow cover, temperature, and radiative heat balance over the northern hemisphere, Journal of Climate, vol.7, pp.1633-1656, 1994.

P. Y. Groisman, R. W. Knight, V. N. Razuvaev, O. N. Bulygina, K. et al., State of the ground: Climatology and changes during the past 69 Years over Northern Eurasia for a rarely used measure of snow cover and frozen land, Journal of Climate, vol.19, pp.4933-4955, 2006.

P. Y. Groisman, B. G. Sherstyukov, V. N. Razuvaev, R. W. Knight, J. G. Enloe et al., Potential forest fire danger over Northern Eurasia: Changes during the 20th century, Global and Planetary Change, vol.56, issue.3-4, pp.371-386, 2007.

P. Groisman and A. J. Soja, Ongoing climatic change in Northern Eurasia: justification for expedient research, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45002, 2009.

S. Güsewell, N : P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance, New Phytologist, vol.164, pp.243-266, 2004.

J. P. Hardy, P. M. Groffman, R. D. Fitzhugh, K. S. Henry, A. T. Welman et al., Snow depth manipulation and its influence on soil frost and water dynamics in a northern hardwood forest, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, issue.2, pp.151-174, 2001.

W. S. Harpole, J. T. Ngai, E. E. Cleland, E. W. Seabloom, E. T. Borer et al., Nutrient co-limitation of primary producer communities, Ecology Letters, vol.14, pp.852-862, 2011.

L. O. Hedin, Global organization of terrestrial plant-nutrient interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, vol.30, 2004.

H. Helmisaari, K. Makkonen, S. Kellomäki, E. Valtonen, and E. Mälkönen, Belowand above-ground biomass, production and nitrogen use in Scots pine stands in eastern Finland, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.165, issue.1-3, pp.317-326, 2002.

R. L. Hendrick and K. S. Pregitzer, The dynamics of fine root length, biomass, and nitrogen content in two northern hardwood ecosystems, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.23, pp.2507-2520, 1993.

J. J. Hendricks, R. L. Hendrick, C. A. Wilson, R. J. Mitchell, S. D. Pecot et al., Assessing the patterns and controls of fine root dynamics: an empirical test and methodological review, Journal of Ecology, vol.94, pp.40-57, 2006.

P. Hinsinger, Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review, Plant and Soil, vol.237, pp.173-195, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02679491

K. Ichii, M. Kondo, Y. Okabe, M. Ueyama, H. Kobayashi et al., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, vol.11, pp.6043-6062, 2007.

. Ipcc-;-t, D. Stocker, G. Qin, M. Plattner, S. Tignor et al., Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1535.

R. B. Jackson, H. A. Mooney, and E. -. Schulze, A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, vol.14, pp.7362-7366, 1997.

S. Jeong, C. Ho, H. Gim, and M. E. Brown, Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the Northern Hemisphere for the period 1982-2008, Global Change Biology, vol.17, pp.2385-2399, 2011.

Y. Jiang, Q. Zhuang, S. Schaphoff, S. Sitch, A. Sokolov et al., Uncertainty analysis of vegetation distribution in the northern high latitudes during the 21st century with a dynamic vegetation model, Ecology and Evolution, vol.2, pp.593-614, 2012.

A. Jones, V. Stolbovoy, C. Tarnocai, G. Broll, O. Spaargaren et al., Soil Atlas of the Northern Circumpolar Region, p.142, 2009.

J. D. Joslin and G. S. Henderson, Organic matter and nutrients associated with fine root turnover in a white oak stand, Forest Science, vol.33, pp.330-346, 1987.

J. D. Joslin, M. H. Wolfe, and P. J. Hanson, Effects of altered water regimes on forest root systems, New Phytologist, vol.147, pp.117-129, 2000.

M. Jusselme, P. Saccone, L. Zinger, M. Faure, X. L. Roux et al., Variations in snow depth modify N-related soil microbial abundances and functioning during winter in subalpine grassland, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.92, pp.27-37, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01688390

V. I. Kharuk, M. L. Dvinskaya, S. T. Im, and K. J. Ranson, The Potential Impact of CO 2 and Air Temperature Increases on Krummholz Transformation into Arborescent Form in the Southern Siberian Mountains, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol.43, pp.593-600, 2011.

V. I. Kharuk, K. J. Ranson, S. T. Im, and M. M. Naurzbaev, Forest-tundra larch forests and climatic trends, Russian Journal of Ecology, vol.37, pp.291-298, 2006.

V. Kharuk, K. Ranson, P. Oskorbin, S. Im, and M. Dvinskaya, Climate induced birch mortality in Trans-Baikal lake region, Siberia. Forest Ecology and Management, vol.289, pp.385-392, 2013.

V. I. Kharuk, V. V. Kuzmichev, S. T. Im, and K. J. Ranson, Birch stands growth increase in Western Siberia, Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, vol.29, pp.421-426, 2014.

D. W. Kicklighter, Y. Cai, Q. Zhuang, E. I. Parfenova, S. Paltsev et al., Potential influence of climate-induced vegetation shifts on future land use and associated land carbon fluxes in Northern Eurasia, Environmental Research Letters, vol.9, p.35004, 2014.

J. Kreuzwieser and A. Gessler, Global climate change and tree nutrition: influence of water availability, Tree Physiology, vol.30, pp.1221-1234, 2010.

D. S. Lebauer and K. K. Treseder, Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed, Ecology, vol.89, pp.371-379, 2008.

A. Legout, H. Heijden, G. V. Der, J. , A. et al., Chemical fertility of forest soils: basic concepts. Revue Forestière Française SP, 2014.

J. Lehmann and M. Kleber, The contentious nature of soil organic matter, Nature, 2015.

J. Leppälammi-kujansuu, L. Aro, M. Salemaa, K. Hansson, D. B. Kleja et al., Fine root longevity and carbon input into soil from below-and aboveground litter in climatically contrasting forests, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.326, pp.79-90, 2014.

C. Leuschner and D. Hertel, Fine root biomass of temperate forests in relation to soil acidity and fertility, climate, age and species, Progress in Botany, pp.405-438, 2003.

W. L. Lindsay, Chemical equilibria in soils, vol.449, p.pp, 1979.

W. Lucht, S. Schaphoff, T. Erbrecht, U. Heyder, and W. Cramer, Terrestrial vegetation redistribution and carbon balance under climate change. Carbon Balance and Management 1.1, 6, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01757194

M. Lukac, C. Calfapietra, A. Lagomarsino, and F. Loreto, Global climate change and tree nutrition: effects of elevated CO 2 and temperature, Tree Physiology, vol.30, 2010.

S. P. Malevskii-malevich, E. K. Mol'kentin, E. D. Nadezhina, A. A. Semioshina, &. Sall et al., Analysis of changes in firehazard conditions in the forests in Russia in the 20th and 21st centuries on the basis of climate modeling, Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, vol.32, pp.154-161, 2007.

M. L. Mccormack, T. S. Adams, E. A. Smithwick, and D. M. Eissenstat, Variability in root production, phenology, and turnover rate among 12 temperate tree species, Ecology, vol.95, pp.2224-2235, 2014.

M. L. Mccormack, D. M. Eissenstat, A. M. Prasad, E. A. Smithwick, and D. Guo, Regional scale patterns of fine root lifespan and turnover under current and future climate, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.19, pp.1697-1708, 2013.

A. D. Mcguire, F. S. Chapin, C. Wirth, M. Apps, J. Bhatti et al., Terrestrial Ecosystems in a Changing World, chap. Responses of High Latitude Ecosystems to Global Change: Potential Consequences for the Climate System, 2007.

V. P. Meleshko, V. M. Kattsov, V. A. Govorkova, P. V. Sporyshev, I. M. Shkol'nik et al., Climate of Russia in the 21st century. Part 3. Future climate changes calculated with an ensemble of coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation CMIP3 models, Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, vol.33, pp.541-552, 2008.

I. Mokhov and A. Chernokulsky, Regional model assessments of forest fire risks in the Asian part of Russia under climate change. Geography and Natural Resources 31, vol.2, pp.165-169, 2010.

R. K. Monson, D. L. Lipson, S. P. Burns, A. A. Turnipseed, A. C. Delany et al., Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition, Nature, vol.439, pp.711-714, 2006.

C. Morel and C. Plenchette, Is the isotopically exchangeable phosphate of a loamy soil the plant-available P? Plant and Soil 158, vol.2, pp.287-297, 1994.

D. Muhs, Loess deposits, origins and properties, Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, pp.1405-1418, 2007.

R. B. Myneni, C. D. Keeling, C. J. Tucker, G. Asrar, and R. R. Nemani, Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991, Nature, vol.386, pp.698-702, 1997.

T. Näsholm, K. Kielland, and U. Ganeteg, Uptake of organic nitrogen by plants, New Phytologist, vol.182, pp.31-48, 2009.

R. J. Norby, J. M. Warren, C. M. Iversen, B. E. Medlyn, and R. E. Mcmurtrie, CO 2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, vol.45, pp.19368-19373, 2010.

A. Oberson, D. K. Friesen, I. Rao, S. Bühler, and E. Frossard, Plant and Soil, vol.237, pp.197-210, 2001.

J. D. Oldfield, Russian Nature: Exploring the Environmental Consequences of Societal Change, 2006.

M. G. Öquist, T. Sparrman, L. Klemedtsson, S. Harrysson-drotz, H. Grip et al., Water availability controls microbial temperature responses in frozen soil CO 2 production, Global Change Biology, vol.15, pp.2715-2722, 2009.

R. Oren, D. S. Ellsworth, K. H. Johnsen, N. Phillips, B. E. Ewers et al., Soil fertility limits carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO 2 -enriched atmosphere, Nature, vol.411, pp.469-472, 2001.

R. Parfitt, Anion adsorption by soils and soil materials, Advances in Agronomy, vol.30, pp.60702-60708, 1978.

J. Peñuelas, B. Poulter, J. Sardans, P. Ciais, M. Velde et al., Human-induced nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances alter natural and managed ecosystems across the globe, Nature Communications, vol.4, 2013.

J. Peñuelas, J. Sardans, A. Rivas-ubach, and I. A. Janssens, The human-induced imbalance between C, N and P in Earth's life system, Global Change Biology, vol.18, pp.3-6, 2012.

J. Ranger and M. Turpault, Input-output nutrient budgets as a diagnostic tool for sustainable forest management, Forest Ecology and Management, issue.122, pp.139-154, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02685078

M. A. Rawlins, M. Steele, M. M. Holland, J. C. Adam, J. E. Cherry et al., Analysis of the Arctic System for Freshwater Cycle Intensification: Observations and Expectations, Journal of Climate, vol.23, pp.5715-5737, 2010.

P. B. Reich and J. Oleksyn, Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, pp.11001-11006, 2004.

P. B. Reich, S. E. Hobbie, and T. D. Lee, Plant growth enhancement by elevated CO 2 eliminated by joint water and nitrogen limitation, Nature Geoscience 7, vol.12, pp.920-924, 2014.

H. Rennenberg, M. Dannenmann, A. Gessler, J. Kreuzwieser, J. Simon et al., Nitrogen balance in forest soils: nutritional limitation of plants under climate change stresses, Plant Biology, vol.11, pp.4-23, 2009.

D. A. Robinson, K. F. Dewey, and R. R. Heim, Global Snow Cover Monitoring: An Update, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.74, pp.1689-1696, 1993.

N. Salih, G. I. Ågren, and L. Hallbäcken, Modeling Response of N Addition on C and N Allocation in Scandinavian Norway Spruce Stands, Ecosystems, vol.8, pp.373-381, 2005.

S. Schaphoff, U. Heyder, S. Ostberg, D. Gerten, J. Heinke et al., Contribution of permafrost soils to the global carbon budget, Environmental Research Letters, vol.8, issue.1, p.14026, 2013.

S. Schaphoff, C. P. Reyer, D. Schepaschenko, D. Gerten, and A. Shvidenko, Tamm Review: Observed and projected climate change impacts on Russia's forests and its carbon balance, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.361, pp.432-444, 2016.

D. Schepaschenko, I. Mccallum, A. Shvidenko, S. Fritz, F. Kraxner et al., A new hybrid land cover dataset for Russia: a methodology for integrating statistics, References remote sensing and in situ information, Journal of Land Use Science, vol.6, pp.245-259, 2011.

J. P. Schimel and J. Bennett, Nitrogen mineralization: Challenges of a changing paradigm, Ecology, vol.85, pp.591-602, 2004.

J. P. Schimel, C. Bilbrough, and J. M. Welker, Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in two Arctic tundra communities, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.36, issue.2, pp.217-227, 2004.

M. W. Schmidt, M. S. Torn, S. Abiven, T. Dittmar, G. Guggenberger et al., Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property, Nature, vol.478, pp.49-56, 2011.

S. Schoenholtz, H. Miegroet, and J. Burger, A review of chemical and physical properties as indicators of forest soil quality: challenges and opportunities, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.138, issue.1-3, pp.335-356, 2000.

S. D. Sebestyen, E. W. Boyer, J. B. Shanley, C. Kendall, D. H. Doctor et al., Sources, transformations, and hydrological processes that control stream nitrate and dissolved organic matter concentrations during snowmelt in an upland forest, Water Resources Research, vol.44, 2008.

H. Shibata, Y. Hasegawa, T. Watanabe, and K. Fukuzawa, Impact of snowpack decrease on net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in forest soil of northern Japan, Biogeochemistry, vol.116, issue.1-3, pp.69-82, 2013.

I. M. Shkol'nik, E. K. Mol'kentin, E. D. Nadezhina, E. I. Khlebnikova, and I. A. Sall, Temperature extremes and wildfires in Siberia in the 21st century: the MGO regional climate model simulation, Russian Meteorology and Hydrology, vol.33, pp.135-142, 2008.

J. K. Shuman, N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, A. J. Soja, H. H. Shugart et al., Forest forecasting with vegetation models across Russia, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.45, pp.175-184, 2015.

A. Z. Shvidenko, E. Gustafson, A. D. Mcguire, V. I. Kharuk, D. G. Schepaschenko et al., Terrestrial Ecosystems and Their Change, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences. Chap, vol.6, pp.171-249, 2012.

A. J. Soja, N. M. Tchebakova, N. H. French, M. D. Flannigan, H. H. Shugart et al., , 2007.

, Climate-induced boreal forest change: Predictions versus current observations, Global and Planetary Change, vol.56, pp.274-296

J. O. Stireman, L. A. Dyer, D. H. Janzen, M. S. Singer, J. T. Lill et al., Climatic unpredictability and parasitism of caterpillars: Implications of global warming, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, pp.17384-17387, 2005.

M. Takala, J. Pulliainen, S. Metsamaki, and J. Koskinen, Detection of Snowmelt Using Spaceborne Microwave Radiometer Data in Eurasia From 1979 to, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol.47, pp.2996-3007, 2007.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, G. I. Lysanova, and A. J. Soja, Agroclimatic potential across central Siberia in an altered twenty-first century, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45207, 2011.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. Parfenova, and A. J. Soja, The effects of climate, permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45013, 2009.

N. M. Tchebakova, G. E. Rehfeldt, and E. I. Parfenova, From vegetation zones to climatypes: Effects of climate warming on Siberian ecosystems, Permafrost Ecosystems. Siberian Larch Forests. Chap, vol.22, pp.427-447, 2010.

K. Groenigen, J. Six, B. A. Hungate, M. De-graaff, N. Van-breemen et al., Element interactions limit soil carbon storage, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, vol.17, pp.6571-6574, 2006.

P. M. Vitousek, S. Porder, B. Z. Houlton, and O. A. Chadwick, Terrestrial phosphorus limitation: mechanisms, implications, and nitrogen-phosphorus interactions, Ecological Applications, vol.20, pp.5-15, 2010.

M. Von-lützow, I. Kögel-knabner, K. Ekschmitt, E. Matzner, G. Guggenberger et al., Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions -a review, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.57, pp.426-445, 2006.

T. Walker and J. Syers, The fate of phosphorus during pedogenesis, Geoderma, vol.15, pp.1-19, 1976.

D. A. Wardle, Ecological Linkages Between Aboveground and Belowground Biota, Science, vol.304, pp.1629-1633, 2004.

W. R. Wieder, C. C. Cleveland, D. M. Lawrence, and G. B. Bonan, Effects of model structural uncertainty on carbon cycle projections: biological nitrogen fixation as a case study, Environmental Research Letters, vol.10, p.44016, 2015.

Y. Yano, E. N. Brookshire, J. Holsinger, and T. Weaver, Long-term snowpack manipulation promotes large loss of bioavailable nitrogen and phosphorus in a subalpine grassland, Biogeochemistry, vol.124, issue.1, pp.319-333, 2015.

Z. Y. Yuan and H. Y. Chen, Fine root biomass, production, turnover rates, and nutrient contents in boreal forest ecosystems in relation to species, climate, fertility, and stand age: Literature review and meta-analyses, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, vol.29, pp.204-221, 2010.

Z. Y. Yuan and H. Y. Chen, A global analysis of fine root production as affected by soil nitrogen and phosphorus, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.279, pp.3796-3802, 1743.

Z. Y. Yuan and H. Y. Chen, Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview, Functional Ecology, vol.26, pp.991-998, 2005.

S. Archambault and Y. Bergeron, An 802-year tree-ring chronology from the Quebec boreal forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.22, pp.674-682, 1992.

S. Baig, B. E. Medlyn, L. M. Mercado, and S. Zaehle, Does the growth response of woody plants to elevated CO 2 increase with temperature? A model-oriented meta-analysis, Global Change Biology, vol.21, pp.4303-4319, 2015.

M. Becker, G. D. Bert, J. Bouchon, J. L. Dupouey, J. F. Picard et al., Forest decline and atmospheric deposition effects in the French mountains, chap. Long-term changes in forest productivity in northeastern France: the dendroecological approach, pp.143-156, 1995.

M. Becker, T. Nieminen, and F. Gérémia, Short-term variations and long-term changes in oak productivity in northeastern France. The role of climate and atmospheric CO 2, Annals of Forest Science, vol.51, pp.477-492, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00882964

F. Biondi and F. Qeadan, Inequality in paleorecords, Ecology, vol.89, pp.1056-1067, 2008.

T. J. Blasing, A. M. Solomon, and D. N. Duvick, Response functions revisited, Tree Ring Bulletin, vol.44, pp.1-15, 1984.

C. Boisvenue and S. W. Running, Impacts of climate change on natural forest productivity -evidence since the middle of the 20th century, Global Change Biology, vol.12, pp.862-882, 2006.

J. Brandt, H. Cerezke, K. Mallett, W. Volney, and J. Weber, Factors affecting trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) health in the boreal forest of Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba, Canada. Forest Ecology and Management, vol.178, pp.479-485, 2003.

J. Braun-blanquet, H. S. Conard, and G. D. Fuller, Plant sociology-the study of plant communities-authorized English translation of Pflanzensoziologie, 1932.

N. Bréda, R. Huc, A. Granier, and E. Dreyer, Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences, Annals of Forest Science, vol.63, pp.625-644, 2006.

R. J. Brienen, E. Gloor, and P. A. Zuidema, Detecting evidence for CO 2 fertilization from tree ring studies: The potential role of sampling biases, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.26, 2012.

K. R. Briffa, V. V. Shishov, T. M. Melvin, E. A. Vaganov, H. Grudd et al., Trends in recent temperature and radial tree growth spanning 2000 years across northwest Eurasia, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.363, pp.2269-2282, 1501.

J. R. Brooks, H. R. Barnard, R. Coulombe, and J. J. Mcdonnell, Ecohydrologic separation of water between trees and streams in a Mediterranean climate, Nature Geoscience, vol.3, pp.100-104, 2010.

P. D. Brooks, P. Grogan, P. H. Templer, P. Groffman, M. G. Öquist et al., Carbon and nitrogen cycling in snow-covered environments, Geography Compass, vol.5, pp.682-699, 2011.

P. D. Brooks and M. W. Williams, Snowpack controls on nitrogen cycling and export in seasonally snow-covered catchments, Hydrological Processes 13.14-15, pp.2177-2190, 1999.

K. M. Buckeridge and P. Grogan, Deepened snow alters soil microbial nutrient limitations in arctic birch hummock tundra, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.39, pp.210-222, 2008.

K. M. Buckeridge and P. Grogan, Deepened snow increases late thaw biogeochemical pulses in mesic low arctic tundra, Biogeochemistry, vol.101, issue.1-3, 2010.

O. N. Bulygina, P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev, and N. N. Korshunova, Changes in snow cover characteristics over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45204, 2011.

O. N. Bulygina, P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev, and V. F. Radionov, Snow cover basal ice layer changes over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15004, 2010.

O. N. Bulygina, V. N. Razuvaev, and N. N. Korshunova, Changes in snow cover over Northern Eurasia in the last few decades, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45026, 2009.

A. G. Bunn, A dendrochronology program library in R (dplR), vol.2, pp.115-124, 2008.

M. T. Cervera, V. Storme, A. Soto, B. Ivens, M. V. Montagu et al., Intraspecific and interspecific genetic and phylogenetic relationships in the genus Populus based on AFLP markers, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.111, pp.1440-1456, 2005.

H. Y. Chen, K. Klinka, and R. D. Kabzems, Site index, site quality, and foliar nutrients of trembling aspen: relationships and predictions, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.28, pp.1743-1755, 1998.

H. Y. Chen, P. V. Krestov, and K. Klinka, Trembling aspen site index in relation to environmental measures of site quality at two spatial scales, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.32, pp.112-119, 2002.

R. Chimner and J. Welker, Ecosystem respiration responses to experimental manipulations of winter and summer precipitation in a Mixedgrass Prairie, Biogeochemistry, vol.73, pp.257-270, 2005.

N. L. Cleavitt, T. J. Fahey, P. M. Groffman, J. P. Hardy, K. S. Henry et al., Effects of soil freezing on fine roots in a northern hardwood forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.38, pp.82-91, 2008.

E. R. Cook and L. A. Kairiukstis, Methods of Dendrochronology, 1990.

R. Cook, E. R. Peters, and K. , The smoothing spline: a new approach to standardizing forest interior tree-ring width series for dendroclimatic studies, Tree-ring Bulletin, vol.41, pp.45-53, 1981.

J. P. Cropper, Multicollinearity within selected western North American temperature and precipitation data sets, Tree Ring Bulletin, vol.44, pp.29-37, 1984.

F. Dentener, J. Drevet, J. F. Lamarque, I. Bey, B. Eickhout et al., Nitrogen and sulfur deposition on regional and global scales: A multimodel evaluation, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.20, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00342326

D. I. Dickmann and J. Kuzovkina, Poplars and willows of the world, with emphasis on silviculturally important species, Poplars and willows: trees for society and the environment, pp.8-91, 2008.

P. M. Dixon, The encyclopedia of environmetrics, chap. Bootstrap resampling, pp.212-220, 2001.

J. E. Eckenwalder, Biology of Populus and its Implications for Management and Conservation, Part I. Chap. Systematics and evolution of Populus, pp.7-32, 1996.

Z. Feng, T. Rütting, H. Pleijel, G. Wallin, P. B. Reich et al., Constraints to nitrogen acquisition of terrestrial plants under elevated CO 2, Global Change Biology, vol.21, pp.3152-3168, 2015.

M. E. Fenn, J. S. Baron, E. B. Allen, H. M. Rueth, K. R. Nydick et al., Ecological Effects of Nitrogen Deposition in the Western United States, BioScience, vol.53, p.404, 2003.

J. R. Foster, A. O. Finley, A. W. Bradford, J. B. Banerjee, and S. , Predicting tree biomass growth in the temperate-boreal ecotone: is tree size, age, competition or climate response most important?, Global Change Biology, 2015.

H. C. Fritts, Tree rings and climate, p.567, 1976.

J. Galloway, F. Dentener, D. Capone, E. Boyer, R. Howarth et al., Nitrogen cycles: Past, present, and future, Biogeochemistry, vol.70, issue.2, pp.153-226, 2004.

A. Geißler, C. Keitel, M. Nahm, and H. Rennenberg, Water Shortage Affects the Water and Nitrogen Balance in Central European Beech Forests, Plant Biology, vol.6, pp.289-298, 2004.

E. P. Gordov and E. A. Vaganov, Siberia integrated regional study: multidisciplinary investigations of the dynamic relationship between the Siberian environment and global climate change, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15007, 2010.

A. Granier, N. Bréda, P. Biron, and S. Villette, A lumped water balance model to evaluate duration and intensity of drought constraints in forest stands, Ecological Modelling, vol.116, issue.2-3, pp.205-206, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02684573

M. Grippa, L. Kergoat, T. L. Toan, N. M. Mognard, N. Delbart et al., The impact of snow depth and snowmelt on the vegetation variability over central Siberia, Geophysical Research Letters, vol.32, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00280272

P. Y. Groisman and G. Gutman, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences, 2012.

P. Y. Groisman, E. G. Bogdanova, V. A. Alexeev, J. E. Cherry, and O. N. Bulygina, Impact of snowfall measurement deficiencies on quantification of precipitation and its trends over Northern Eurasia. Ice and Snow 126, vol.2, p.29, 2014.

P. Y. Groisman, T. A. Blyakharchuk, A. V. Chernokulsky, M. M. Arzhanov, L. B. Marchesini et al., Climate changes in Siberia, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences. Chap, vol.3, pp.57-109, 2012.

P. Y. Groisman, R. W. Knight, V. N. Razuvaev, O. N. Bulygina, K. et al., State of the ground: Climatology and changes during the past 69 Years over Northern Eurasia for a rarely used measure of snow cover and frozen land, Journal of Climate, vol.19, pp.4933-4955, 2006.

P. Groisman and A. J. Soja, Ongoing climatic change in Northern Eurasia: justification for expedient research, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45002, 2009.

J. Guiot, The bootstrapped response function, Tree Ring Bulletin, vol.51, pp.39-41, 1991.

P. Hajek, D. Hertel, and C. Leuschner, Intraspecific variation in root and leaf traits and leaf-root trait linkages in eight aspen demes (Populus tremula and P. tremuloides), Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.4, 2013.

J. Hamrick, Response of forest trees to global environmental changes, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.197, issue.1-3, 2004.

P. Hanna and D. Kulakowski, The influences of climate on aspen dieback, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.274, pp.91-98, 2012.

J. P. Hardy, P. M. Groffman, R. D. Fitzhugh, K. S. Henry, A. T. Welman et al., Snow depth manipulation and its influence on soil frost and water dynamics in a northern hardwood forest, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, issue.2, pp.151-174, 2001.

L. O. Hedin and R. L. Lindroth, Effects of Light and Nutrient Availability on Aspen: Growth, Phytochemistry, and Insect Performance, Journal of Chemical Ecology, vol.30, pp.1687-1714, 1999.

H. A. Henry, Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.39, pp.977-986, 2007.

E. H. Hogg, J. P. Brandt, and B. Kochtubajda, Growth and dieback of aspen forests in northwestern Alberta, Canada, in relation to climate and insects, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.32, pp.823-832, 2002.

E. Hogg, Simulation of interannual responses of trembling aspen stands to climatic variation and insect defoliation in western Canada, Ecological Modelling, vol.114, issue.2-3, pp.175-193, 1999.

E. Hogg, A. Barr, and T. Black, A simple soil moisture index for representing multiyear drought impacts on aspen productivity in the western Canadian interior. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 178-179, pp.173-182, 2013.

J. Huang, J. C. Tardif, Y. Bergeron, B. Denneler, F. Berninger et al., Radial growth response of four dominant boreal tree species to climate along a latitudinal gradient in the eastern Canadian boreal forest, Global Change Biology, vol.16, pp.711-731, 2010.

E. Húlten and M. Fries, Atlas of North European Vascular Plants North of the Tropic of Cancer, vol.1, p.1172, 1986.

S. Imada, N. Yamanaka, and S. Tamai, Water table depth affects Populus alba fine root growth and whole plant biomass, Functional Ecology, vol.22, pp.1018-1026, 2008.

P. K. Ingvarsson, Nucleotide Polymorphism and Linkage Disequilibrium Within and Among Natural Populations of European Aspen (Populus tremula L., Salicaceae), Genetics, vol.169, pp.945-953, 2005.

. Ipcc-;-t, D. Stocker, G. Qin, M. Plattner, S. Tignor et al., Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1535.

, World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 -International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps, World Soil Resources Reports, issue.106, 2014.

Y. Iwata, M. Hayashi, S. Suzuki, T. Hirota, and S. Hasegawa, Effects of snow cover on soil freezing, water movement, and snowmelt infiltration: A paired plot experiment, Water Resources Research, vol.46, 2010.

S. Jansson and C. J. Douglas, Populus: A Model System for Plant Biology, Annual Review of Plant Biology, vol.58, pp.435-458, 2007.

Y. Jiang, Q. Zhuang, S. Schaphoff, S. Sitch, A. Sokolov et al., Uncertainty analysis of vegetation distribution in the northern high latitudes during the References 21st century with a dynamic vegetation model, Ecology and Evolution, vol.2, pp.593-614, 2012.

T. Johansson, Site index curves for European aspen (Populus tremula L.) growing on forest land of different soils in Sweden. Silva Fennica 30, vol.4, pp.437-458, 1996.

T. Johansson, Increment and biomass in 26-to 91-year-old European aspen and some practical implications, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.23, pp.56-65, 2002.

A. Jones, V. Stolbovoy, C. Tarnocai, G. Broll, O. Spaargaren et al., Soil Atlas of the Northern Circumpolar Region, p.142, 2009.

A. Karacic and M. Weih, Variation in growth and resource utilisation among eight poplar clones grown under different irrigation and fertilisation regimes in Sweden. Biomass and Bioenergy 30, vol.2, pp.115-124, 2006.

J. A. Kemperman and B. V. Barnes, Clone size in American aspens, Canadian Journal of Botany, vol.54, pp.2603-2607, 1976.

A. Kirdyanov, M. Hughes, E. Vaganov, F. Schweingruber, and P. Silkin, The importance of early summer temperature and date of snow melt for tree growth in the Siberian Subarctic, Trees, vol.17, pp.61-69, 2003.

J. Kouki, K. Arnold, and P. Martikainen, Long-term persistence of aspen -a key host for many threatened species -is endangered in old-growth conservation areas in Finland, Journal for Nature Conservation, vol.12, pp.41-52, 2004.

P. J. Kramer, T. T. Kozlowski, J. Kreyling, D. Per?oh, S. Werner et al., Short-term impacts of soil freeze-thaw cycles on roots and root-associated fungi of Holcus lanatus and Calluna vulgaris, Plant and Soil, vol.353, issue.1-2, pp.19-31, 1960.

S. M. Landhäusser and V. J. Lieffers, Seasonal changes in carbohydrate reserves in mature northern Populus tremuloides clones. Trees -Structure and Function 17, vol.6, pp.471-476, 2003.

I. Laureysens, L. D. Temmerman, T. Hastir, M. V. Gysel, and R. Ceulemans, Clonal variation in heavy metal accumulation and biomass production in a poplar coppice culture. II. Vertical distribution and phytoextraction potential, Environmental Pollution, vol.133, pp.541-551, 2005.

G. Leonelli, B. Denneler, and Y. Bergeron, Climate sensitivity of trembling aspen radial growth along a productivity gradient in northeastern British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.38, pp.1211-1222, 2008.

M. Lukac, C. Calfapietra, A. Lagomarsino, and F. Loreto, Global climate change and tree nutrition: effects of elevated CO 2 and temperature, Tree Physiology, vol.30, 2010.

Y. Messaoud, H. Y. Chen, E. H. Hogg, R. J. Hall, and E. Arsenault, The Influence of Recent Climate Change on Tree Height Growth Differs with Species and Spatial Environment, References Michaelian, vol.6, pp.2084-2094, 2011.

A. Michelot, N. Bréda, C. Damesin, and E. Dufrêne, Differing growth responses to climatic variations and soil water deficits of Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Pinus sylvestris in a temperate forest, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.265, pp.161-171, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01268415

J. L. Monteith and M. H. Unsworth, Steady-state heat balance, Principles of Environmental Physics, pp.217-247, 2013.

H. A. Mooney, B. G. Drake, R. J. Luxmoore, W. C. Oechel, and L. F. Pitelka, Predicting ecosystem responses to elevated CO 2 concentrations, BioScience, vol.41, pp.96-104, 1991.

J. A. Morgan, D. E. Pataki, C. Körner, H. Clark, S. J. Grosso et al., Water relations in grassland and desert ecosystems exposed to elevated atmospheric CO 2, Oecologia, vol.140, pp.11-25, 2004.

F. Mosteller and J. Tukey, Data Analysis and Regression: A Second Course in Statistics, 1977.

A. Müller, C. Leuschner, V. Horna, and C. Zhang, Photosynthetic characteristics and growth performance of closely related aspen taxa: On the systematic relatedness of the Eurasian Populus tremula and the North American P. tremuloides, Flora, vol.207, pp.87-95, 2012.

C. Nehrbass-ahles, F. Babst, S. Klesse, M. Nötzli, O. Bouriaud et al., The influence of sampling design on tree-ring-based quantification of forest growth, Global Change Biology, vol.20, pp.2867-2885, 2014.

R. J. Norby, J. M. Warren, C. M. Iversen, B. E. Medlyn, and R. E. Mcmurtrie, CO 2 enhancement of forest productivity constrained by limited nitrogen availability, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, vol.45, pp.19368-19373, 2010.

R. J. Norby, E. H. Delucia, B. Gielen, C. Calfapietra, C. P. Giardina et al., Forest response to elevated CO 2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, pp.18052-18056, 2005.

B. Pakull, K. Groppe, M. Meyer, T. Markussen, and M. Fladung, Genetic linkage mapping in aspen (Populus tremula L. and Populus tremuloides Michx, Tree Genetics and Genomes, vol.5, pp.505-515, 2009.

Y. Y. Peng and Q. Dang, Effects of soil temperature on biomass production and allocation in seedlings of four boreal tree species, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.180, issue.1-3, 1-9, 2003.

D. N. Politis and J. P. Romano, The stationary bootstrap, Journal of the American Statistical Association, vol.89, pp.1303-1313, 1994.

D. N. Politis and H. White, Automatic Block-Length Selection for the Dependent Bootstrap, Econometric Reviews, vol.23, pp.53-70, 2004.

H. Pretzsch, P. Biber, G. Schütze, E. Uhl, and T. Rötzer, Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870, Nature Communications, vol.5, p.4967, 2014.

. R-core-team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015.

P. B. Reich and J. Oleksyn, Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, pp.11001-11006, 2004.

P. B. Reich, S. E. Hobbie, T. Lee, D. S. Ellsworth, J. B. West et al., Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO 2, Nature, vol.440, pp.922-925, 2006.

T. Repo, S. Sirkiä, J. Heinonen, A. Lavigné, M. Roitto et al., Effects of frozen soil on growth and longevity of fine roots of Norway spruce, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.313, pp.112-122, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01197623

V. Sadras and S. Milroy, Soil-water thresholds for the responses of leaf expansion and gas exchange: A review, Field Crops Research, vol.47, issue.2-3, pp.14-21, 1996.

D. Schepaschenko, I. Mccallum, A. Shvidenko, S. Fritz, F. Kraxner et al., A new hybrid land cover dataset for Russia: a methodology for integrating statistics, remote sensing and in situ information, Journal of Land Use Science, vol.6, pp.245-259, 2011.

D. S. Schimel, Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle, Global Change Biology, vol.1, pp.77-91, 1995.

J. P. Schimel, C. Bilbrough, and J. M. Welker, Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in two Arctic tundra communities, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.36, issue.2, pp.217-227, 2004.

A. W. Seddon, M. Macias-fauria, P. R. Long, D. Benz, and K. J. Willis, Sensitivity of global terrestrial ecosystems to climate variability, Nature, 2016.

D. Shepashenko, A. Shvidenko, and S. Nilsson, Phytomass (live biomass) and carbon of Siberian forests, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.14, issue.97, p.10006, 1998.

A. I. Shiklomanov and R. B. Lammers, Record Russian river discharge in 2007 and the limits of analysis, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45015, 2009.

I. M. Shkolnik, E. D. Nadyozhina, T. V. Pavlova, E. K. Molkentin, and A. A. Semioshina, Snow cover and permafrost evolution in Siberia as simulated by the MGO regional climate model in the 20th and 21st centuries, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15005, 2010.

J. K. Shuman, N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, A. J. Soja, H. H. Shugart et al., Forest forecasting with vegetation models across Russia, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.45, pp.175-184, 2015.

M. Smurygin, Basic trends of grassland research in the USSR, Proceedings of the 12th International Grassland Congress, pp.76-88, 1974.

A. J. Soja, N. M. Tchebakova, N. H. French, M. D. Flannigan, H. H. Shugart et al., , 2007.

, Climate-induced boreal forest change: Predictions versus current observations, Global and Planetary Change, vol.56, pp.274-296

R. Y. Soolanayakanahally, R. D. Guy, N. R. Street, K. M. Robinson, S. N. Silim et al., Comparative physiology of allopatric Populus species: geographic clines in photosynthesis, height growth, and carbon isotope discrimination in common gardens, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.6, 2015.

O. Suominen, L. Edenius, G. Ericsson, V. R. Dios, and . De, Gastropod diversity in aspen stands in coastal northern Sweden, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.175, issue.1-3, pp.403-412, 2003.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, G. I. Lysanova, and A. J. Soja, Agroclimatic potential across central Siberia in an altered twenty-first century, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45207, 2011.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, and A. J. Soja, Climate change and climateinduced hot spots in forest shifts in central Siberia from observed data, Regional Environmental Change, vol.11, issue.4, pp.817-827, 2011.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. Parfenova, and A. J. Soja, The effects of climate, permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45013, 2009.

N. M. Tchebakova, G. E. Rehfeldt, and E. I. Parfenova, From vegetation zones to climatypes: Effects of climate warming on Siberian ecosystems, Permafrost Ecosystems. Siberian Larch Forests. Chap, vol.22, pp.427-447, 2010.

G. Tierney, T. Fahey, P. Groffman, J. Hardy, R. Fitzhugh et al., Soil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, pp.175-190, 2001.

E. A. Vaganov, M. K. Hughes, A. V. Kirdyanov, F. H. Schweingruber, and P. P. Silkin, Influence of snowfall and melt timing on tree growth in subarctic Eurasia, Nature, vol.400, pp.149-151, 1999.

M. G. Van-der-heijden, R. D. Bardgett, and N. M. Van-straalen, The unseen majority: soil microbes as drivers of plant diversity and productivity in terrestrial ecosystems, Ecology Letters, vol.11, pp.296-310, 2008.

M. D. Walker, D. A. Walker, J. M. Welker, A. M. Arft, T. Bardsley et al., , 1999.

, Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra, vol.13, 199910.

W. R. Wieder, C. C. Cleveland, W. K. Smith, and K. Todd-brown, Future productivity and carbon storage limited by terrestrial nutrient availability, Nature Geoscience, vol.8, pp.441-444, 2015.

S. Wipf and C. Rixen, A review of snow manipulation experiments in Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems, Polar Research, vol.29, pp.95-109, 2010.

J. J. Worrall, S. B. Marchetti, L. Egeland, R. A. Mask, T. Eager et al., Effects and etiology of sudden aspen decline in southwestern Colorado, USA. Forest Ecology and Management, vol.260, pp.638-648, 2010.

T. Yin, S. P. Difazio, L. E. Gunter, X. Zhang, M. M. Sewell et al., Genome structure and emerging evidence of an incipient sex chromosome in Populus, Genome Research, vol.18, 2008.

C. Zang and F. Biondi, treeclim: an R package for the numerical calibration of proxy-climate relationships, Ecography, vol.38, pp.431-436, 2015.

T. Zhang, Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.43, 2005.

D. S. Arndt, M. O. Baringer, J. , and M. R. , State of the Climate in 2009, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.91, pp.1-222, 2010.

H. Bassirirad, Kinetics of nutrient uptake by roots: responses to global change, New Phytologist, vol.147, pp.155-169, 2000.

P. D. Brooks and M. W. Williams, Snowpack controls on nitrogen cycling and export in seasonally snow-covered catchments, Hydrological Processes 13.14-15, pp.2177-2190, 1999.

P. Brooks, M. Williams, and S. Schmidt, Inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass dynamics before and during spring snowmelt, Biogeochemistry, vol.43, issue.1, pp.1-15, 1998.

K. M. Buckeridge and P. Grogan, Deepened snow alters soil microbial nutrient limitations in arctic birch hummock tundra, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.39, pp.210-222, 2008.

K. M. Buckeridge and P. Grogan, Deepened snow increases late thaw biogeochemical pulses in mesic low arctic tundra, Biogeochemistry, vol.101, issue.1-3, 2010.

O. N. Bulygina, P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev, and N. N. Korshunova, Changes in snow cover characteristics over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45204, 2011.

O. N. Bulygina, P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev, and V. F. Radionov, Snow cover basal ice layer changes over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15004, 2010.

O. N. Bulygina, V. N. Razuvaev, and N. N. Korshunova, Changes in snow cover over Northern Eurasia in the last few decades, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45026, 2009.

O. N. Bulygina, V. N. Razuvaev, N. N. Korshunova, and P. Y. Groisman, Climate variations and changes in extreme climate events in Russia, Environmental Research Letters, vol.2, p.45020, 2007.

N. L. Cleavitt, T. J. Fahey, P. M. Groffman, J. P. Hardy, K. S. Henry et al., Effects of soil freezing on fine roots in a northern hardwood forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.38, pp.82-91, 2008.

J. L. Cohen, J. C. Furtado, M. A. Barlow, V. A. Alexeev, and J. E. Cherry, Arctic warming, increasing snow cover and widespread boreal winter cooling, Environmental Research Letters, p.14007, 2012.

E. A. Davidson and I. A. Janssens, Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change, Nature, vol.440, pp.165-173, 2006.

T. H. Deluca, D. R. Keeney, and G. W. Mccarty, Effect of freeze-thaw events on mineralization of soil nitrogen, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol.14, pp.116-120, 1992.

P. Dörsch, A. Palojärvi, and S. Mommertz, Overwinter greenhouse gas fluxes in two contrasting agricultural habitats. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 70, vol.2, pp.117-133, 2004.

R. Fitzhugh, C. Driscoll, P. Groffman, G. Tierney, T. Fahey et al., Effects of soil freezing disturbance on soil solution nitrogen, phosphorus, and carbon chemistry in a northern hardwood ecosystem, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, issue.2, pp.215-238, 2001.

R. F. Giehl, N. Wiren, and . Von, Root Nutrient Foraging, Plant Physiology, vol.166, pp.509-517, 2014.

A. Granier, N. Bréda, P. Biron, and S. Villette, A lumped water balance model to evaluate duration and intensity of drought constraints in forest stands, Ecological Modelling, vol.116, issue.2-3, pp.205-206, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02684573

P. Groffman, C. Driscoll, T. Fahey, J. Hardy, R. Fitzhugh et al., Colder soils in a warmer world: A snow manipulation study in a northern hardwood forest ecosystem, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, pp.135-150, 2001.

P. Grogan, A. Michelsen, P. Ambus, J. , and S. , Freeze-thaw regime effects on carbon and nitrogen dynamics in sub-arctic heath tundra mesocosms, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.36, pp.641-654, 2004.

P. Y. Groisman and G. Gutman, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences, 2012.

P. Y. Groisman, T. A. Blyakharchuk, A. V. Chernokulsky, M. M. Arzhanov, L. B. Marchesini et al., Climate changes in Siberia, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences. Chap, vol.3, pp.57-109, 2012.

P. Y. Groisman, T. R. Karl, R. W. Knight, and G. L. Stenchikov, Changes of snow cover, temperature, and radiative heat balance over the northern hemisphere, Journal of Climate, vol.7, pp.1633-1656, 1994.

P. Y. Groisman, R. W. Knight, V. N. Razuvaev, O. N. Bulygina, K. et al., State of the ground: Climatology and changes during the past 69 Years over Northern Eurasia for a rarely used measure of snow cover and frozen land, Journal of Climate, vol.19, pp.4933-4955, 2006.

M. Haei and H. Laudon, Carbon dynamics and changing winter conditions: a review of current understanding and future research directions, Biogeosciences Discussions, vol.12, pp.15763-15808, 2015.

M. M. Harris and L. O. Safford, Effects of season and four tree species on soluble carbon content in fresh and decomposing litter of temperate forests, Soil Science, vol.161, pp.130-135, 1996.

H. A. Henry, Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.39, pp.977-986, 2007.

. Ipcc-;-t, D. Stocker, G. Qin, M. Plattner, S. Tignor et al., Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1535.

Y. Iwata, M. Hayashi, S. Suzuki, T. Hirota, and S. Hasegawa, Effects of snow cover on soil freezing, water movement, and snowmelt infiltration: A paired plot experiment, Water Resources Research, vol.46, 2010.

Y. Jiang, Q. Zhuang, S. Schaphoff, S. Sitch, A. Sokolov et al., Uncertainty analysis of vegetation distribution in the northern high latitudes during the 21st century with a dynamic vegetation model, Ecology and Evolution, vol.2, pp.593-614, 2012.

M. Jusselme, P. Saccone, L. Zinger, M. Faure, X. L. Roux et al., Variations in snow depth modify N-related soil microbial abundances and functioning during winter in subalpine grassland, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.92, pp.27-37, 2016.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01688390

D. W. Kicklighter, Y. Cai, Q. Zhuang, E. I. Parfenova, S. Paltsev et al., Potential influence of climate-induced vegetation shifts on future land use and associated land carbon fluxes in Northern Eurasia, Environmental Research Letters, vol.9, pp.1221-1234, 2010.

J. Kreyling, D. Per?oh, S. Werner, M. Benzenberg, and J. Wöllecke, Short-term impacts of soil freeze-thaw cycles on roots and root-associated fungi of Holcus lanatus and Calluna vulgaris, Plant and Soil, vol.353, issue.1-2, pp.19-31, 2012.

K. S. Larsen, S. Jonasson, and A. Michelsen, Repeated freeze-thaw cycles and their effects on biological processes in two arctic ecosystem types, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.21, pp.187-195, 2002.

A. Legout, H. Heijden, G. V. Der, J. , A. et al., Chemical fertility of forest soils: basic concepts. Revue Forestière Française SP, 2014.

W. M. Lewis and M. C. Grant, Relationships between Snow Cover and Winter Losses of Dissolved Substances from a Mountain Watershed, Arctic and Alpine Research, vol.12, p.11, 1980.

D. A. Lipson and S. K. Schmidt, Seasonal Changes in an Alpine Soil Bacterial Community in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.70, pp.2867-2879, 2004.

D. A. Lipson, S. K. Schmidt, and R. K. Monson, Carbon availability and temperature control the post-snowmelt decline in alpine soil microbial biomass, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.32, pp.441-448, 2000.

W. Lucht, S. Schaphoff, T. Erbrecht, U. Heyder, and W. Cramer, Terrestrial vegetation redistribution and carbon balance under climate change. Carbon Balance and Management 1.1, 6, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01757194

D. R. Melick and R. D. Seppelt, Loss of soluble carbohydrates and changes in freezing point of Antarctic bryophytes after leaching and repeated freeze-thaw cycles, Antarctic Science, vol.4, pp.399-404, 1992.

M. J. Mitchell, C. T. Driscoll, J. S. Kahl, P. S. Murdoch, and L. H. Pardo, Climatic Control of Nitrate Loss from Forested Watersheds in the Northeast United States. Environmental Science and Technology 30, vol.8, pp.2609-2612, 1996.

J. L. Monteith and M. H. Unsworth, Steady-state heat balance, Principles of Environmental Physics, pp.217-247, 2013.

S. Nobrega and P. Grogan, Deeper snow enhances winter respiration from both plant-associated and bulk soil carbon pools in birch hummock tundra, Ecosystems, vol.10, issue.3, pp.419-431, 2007.

P. Q. Olsson, M. Sturm, C. H. Racine, V. Romanovsky, and G. E. Liston, Five Stages of the Alaskan Arctic Cold Season with Ecosystem Implications, Arctic, Antarctic, and Alpine Research, vol.35, pp.74-81, 2003.

T. Oztas and F. Fayetorbay, Effect of freezing and thawing processes on soil aggregate stability. Catena 52.1, 1-8, 2003.

N. E. Peters and G. H. Leavesley, Biotic and abiotic processes controlling water chemistry during snowmelt at rabbit ears pass, A. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.79, issue.1-4, 1995.

J. Ranger and M. Turpault, Input-output nutrient budgets as a diagnostic tool for sustainable forest management, Forest Ecology and Management, issue.122, pp.139-154, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02685078

M. A. Rawlins, M. Steele, M. M. Holland, J. C. Adam, J. E. Cherry et al., Analysis of the Arctic System for Freshwater Cycle Intensification: Observations and Expectations, Journal of Climate, vol.23, pp.5715-5737, 2010.

H. Rennenberg, M. Dannenmann, A. Gessler, J. Kreuzwieser, J. Simon et al., Nitrogen balance in forest soils: nutritional limitation of plants under climate change stresses, Plant Biology, vol.11, pp.4-23, 2009.

T. Repo, S. Sirkiä, J. Heinonen, A. Lavigné, M. Roitto et al., Effects of frozen soil on growth and longevity of fine roots of Norway spruce, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.313, pp.112-122, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01197623

D. A. Robinson, K. F. Dewey, and R. R. Heim, Global Snow Cover Monitoring: An Update, Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, vol.74, pp.1689-1696, 1993.

V. Sadras and S. Milroy, Soil-water thresholds for the responses of leaf expansion and gas exchange: A review, Field Crops Research, vol.47, issue.2-3, pp.14-21, 1996.

C. W. Schadt, Seasonal Dynamics of Previously Unknown Fungal Lineages in Tundra Soils, Science, vol.301, pp.1359-1361, 2003.

S. Schaphoff, C. P. Reyer, D. Schepaschenko, D. Gerten, and A. Shvidenko, Tamm Review: Observed and projected climate change impacts on Russia's forests and its carbon balance, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.361, pp.432-444, 2016.

J. P. Schimel, C. Bilbrough, and J. M. Welker, Increased snow depth affects microbial activity and nitrogen mineralization in two Arctic tundra communities, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.36, issue.2, pp.217-227, 2004.

J. P. Schimel and J. S. Clein, Microbial response to freeze-thaw cycles in tundra and taiga soils, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.28, issue.96, pp.83-84, 1996.

S. Schmidt and D. Lipson, Microbial growth under the snow: Implications for nutrient and allelochemical availability in temperate soils, Plant and Soil, vol.259, issue.1/2, 1-7, 2004.

S. Schoenholtz, H. Miegroet, and J. Burger, A review of chemical and physical properties as indicators of forest soil quality: challenges and opportunities, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.138, issue.1-3, pp.335-356, 2000.

S. Sharma, Z. Szele, R. Schilling, J. C. Munch, and M. Schloter, Influence of Freeze-Thaw Stress on the Structure and Function of Microbial Communities and Denitrifying Populations in Soil, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.72, pp.2148-2154, 2006.

H. Shibata, Y. Hasegawa, T. Watanabe, and K. Fukuzawa, Impact of snowpack decrease on net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification in forest soil of northern Japan, Biogeochemistry, vol.116, issue.1-3, pp.69-82, 2013.

I. M. Shkolnik, E. D. Nadyozhina, T. V. Pavlova, E. K. Molkentin, and A. A. Semioshina, Snow cover and permafrost evolution in Siberia as simulated by the MGO regional climate model in the 20th and 21st centuries, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15005, 2010.

J. K. Shuman, N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, A. J. Soja, H. H. Shugart et al., Forest forecasting with vegetation models across Russia, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.45, pp.175-184, 2015.

J. Six, H. Bossuyt, S. Degryze, and K. Denef, A history of research on the link between (micro)aggregates, soil biota, and soil organic matter dynamics. Soil and Tillage Research 79, vol.1, pp.7-31, 2004.

H. Sjursen, A. Michelsen, and M. Holmstrup, Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on microarthropods and nutrient availability in a sub-Arctic soil, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.28, pp.79-93, 2005.

T. Skogland, S. Lomeland, and J. Goksøyr, Respiratory burst after freezing and thawing of soil: Experiments with soil bacteria, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.20, pp.851-856, 1988.

A. J. Soja, N. M. Tchebakova, N. H. French, M. D. Flannigan, H. H. Shugart et al., , 2007.

, Climate-induced boreal forest change: Predictions versus current observations, Global and Planetary Change, vol.56, pp.274-296

P. Sulkava and V. Huhta, Effects of hard frost and freeze-thaw cycles on decomposer communities and N mineralisation in boreal forest soil, Applied Soil Ecology, vol.22, pp.225-239, 2003.

M. Takala, J. Pulliainen, S. Metsamaki, and J. Koskinen, Detection of Snowmelt Using Spaceborne Microwave Radiometer Data in Eurasia From 1979 to, IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, vol.47, pp.2996-3007, 2007.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, G. I. Lysanova, and A. J. Soja, Agroclimatic potential across central Siberia in an altered twenty-first century, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45207, 2011.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. Parfenova, and A. J. Soja, The effects of climate, permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45013, 2009.

N. M. Tchebakova, G. E. Rehfeldt, and E. I. Parfenova, From vegetation zones to climatypes: Effects of climate warming on Siberian ecosystems, Permafrost Ecosystems. Siberian Larch Forests. Chap, vol.22, pp.427-447, 2010.

G. Tierney, T. Fahey, P. Groffman, J. Hardy, R. Fitzhugh et al., Soil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, pp.175-190, 2001.

B. Tóth, M. Weynants, A. Nemes, A. Makó, G. Bilas et al., New generation of hydraulic pedotransfer functions for Europe, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.66, pp.226-238, 2015.

P. W. Unger, Overwinter Changes in Physical Properties of No-Tillage Soil, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.55, p.778, 1991.

M. D. Vaz, A. C. Edwards, C. A. Shand, and M. S. Cresser, Changes in the chemistry of soil solution and acetic-acid extractable P following different types of freeze/thaw episodes, Eur J Soil Science, vol.45, pp.353-359, 1994.

M. D. Walker, D. A. Walker, J. M. Welker, A. M. Arft, T. Bardsley et al., , 1999.

, Long-term experimental manipulation of winter snow regime and summer temperature in arctic and alpine tundra, vol.13, 199910.

V. K. Walker, G. R. Palmer, and G. Voordouw, Freeze-Thaw Tolerance and Clues to the Winter Survival of a Soil Community, Applied and Environmental Microbiology, vol.72, pp.1784-1792, 2006.

F. L. Wang and J. R. Bettany, Influence of Freeze-Thaw and Flooding on the Loss of Soluble Organic Carbon and Carbon Dioxide from Soil, Journal of Environment Quality, vol.22, p.709, 1993.

S. Wipf and C. Rixen, A review of snow manipulation experiments in Arctic and alpine tundra ecosystems, Polar Research, vol.29, pp.95-109, 2010.

Y. Yanai, K. Toyota, and M. Okazaki, Effects of successive soil freeze-thaw cycles on soil microbial biomass and organic matter decomposition potential of soils, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, vol.50, pp.821-829, 2004.

D. L. Achat, M. R. Bakker, L. Augusto, D. Derrien, N. Gallegos et al., Phosphorus status of soils from contrasting forested ecosystems in southwestern Siberia: effects of microbiological and physicochemical properties, Biogeosciences, vol.10, pp.733-752, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02651178

D. Achat, M. Bakker, and P. Trichet, Rooting patterns and fine root biomass of Pinus pinaster assessed by trench wall and core methods, Journal of Forest Research, vol.13, issue.3, pp.165-175, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02663672

M. Bakker, L. Augusto, A. , and D. , Fine root distribution of trees and understory in mature stands of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster) on dry and humid sites, Plant and Soil, vol.286, issue.1-2, pp.37-51, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02668986

M. Bakker, E. Jolicoeur, P. Trichet, L. Augusto, C. Plassard et al., Adaptation of fine roots to annual fertilization and irrigation in a 13-year-old Pinus pinaster stand, Tree Physiology, vol.29, pp.229-238, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02664298

B. Berg, Decomposition of root litter and some factors regulating the process: Longterm root litter decomposition in a scots pine forest, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.16, pp.90081-90087, 1984.

K. M. Bergen, S. K. Hitztaler, V. I. Kharuk, O. N. Krankina, T. V. Loboda et al., Human dimensions of environmental change in Siberia, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences, pp.251-302, 2012.

J. Braun-blanquet, H. S. Conard, and G. D. Fuller, Plant sociology-the study of plant communities-authorized English translation of Pflanzensoziologie, 1932.

O. N. Bulygina, P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev, and N. N. Korshunova, Changes in snow cover characteristics over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45204, 2011.

O. N. Bulygina, P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev, and V. F. Radionov, Snow cover basal ice layer changes over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15004, 2010.

O. N. Bulygina, V. N. Razuvaev, and N. N. Korshunova, Changes in snow cover over Northern Eurasia in the last few decades, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45026, 2009.

J. Cabestan, S. Colin, I. Facon, and M. Meidan, La Chine et la Russie : Entre convergences et méfiance. UNICOMM, vol.274, p.pp, 2008.

N. L. Cleavitt, T. J. Fahey, P. M. Groffman, J. P. Hardy, K. S. Henry et al., Effects of soil freezing on fine roots in a northern hardwood forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.38, pp.82-91, 2008.

E. A. Davidson and I. A. Janssens, Temperature sensitivity of soil carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change, Nature, vol.440, pp.165-173, 2006.

F. Dominé, A. Taillandier, S. Houdier, F. Parrenin, W. Simpson et al., Interactions between snow metamorphism and climate: physical and chemical aspects, Physics and Chemistry of Ice, pp.27-46, 2007.

L. Finér, H. Helmisaari, K. Lõhmus, H. Majdi, I. Brunner et al., Variation in fine root biomass of three European tree species: Beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst.), and Scots pine, Plant Biosystems, vol.141, pp.394-405, 2007.

L. Finér, M. Ohashi, K. Noguchi, and Y. Hirano, Factors causing variation in fine root biomass in forest ecosystems. Forest Ecology and Management 261, vol.2, pp.265-277, 2011.

L. Finér, M. Ohashi, K. Noguchi, and Y. Hirano, Fine root production and turnover in forest ecosystems in relation to stand and environmental characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management 262, vol.11, 2008.

M. R. Gale and D. F. Grigal, Vertical root distributions of northern tree species in relation to successional status, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.17, pp.829-834, 1987.

D. Gaul, D. Hertel, and C. Leuschner, Effects of experimental soil frost on the fine-root system of mature Norway spruce, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol.171, pp.13-31, 2000.

M. Gonzalez, L. Augusto, A. Gallet-budynek, J. Xue, N. Yauschew-raguenes et al., Contribution of understory species to total ecosystem aboveground and belowground biomass in temperate, Pinus pinaster Ait. forests. Forest Ecology and Management, vol.289, pp.38-47, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02646792

H. Göransson, A. Fransson, and U. Jönsson-belyazid, Do oaks have different strategies for uptake of N, K and P depending on soil depth?, Plant and Soil, vol.297, issue.1-2, pp.119-125, 2007.

H. Göransson, M. Ingerslev, and H. Wallander, The vertical distribution of N and K uptake in relation to root distribution and root uptake capacity in mature Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies stands, Plant and Soil, vol.306, issue.1-2, pp.129-137, 2008.

H. Göransson, H. Wallander, M. Ingerslev, and U. Rosengren, Estimating the relative nutrient uptake from different soil depths in Quercus robur, Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies, Plant and Soil, vol.286, issue.1-2, pp.87-97, 2006.

E. P. Gordov and E. A. Vaganov, Siberia integrated regional study: multidisciplinary investigations of the dynamic relationship between the Siberian environment and global climate change, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15007, 2010.

I. Gouttevin, M. Menegoz, F. Dominé, G. Krinner, C. Koven et al., How the insulating properties of snow affect soil carbon distribution in the continental pan-Arctic area, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.117, 2012.

P. Y. Groisman, R. W. Knight, V. N. Razuvaev, O. N. Bulygina, K. et al., State of the ground: Climatology and changes during the past 69 Years over Northern Eurasia for a rarely used measure of snow cover and frozen land, Journal of Climate, vol.19, pp.4933-4955, 2006.

P. Groisman and A. J. Soja, Ongoing climatic change in Northern Eurasia: justification for expedient research, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45002, 2009.

D. Guo, H. Li, R. J. Mitchell, W. Han, J. J. Hendricks et al., Fine root heterogeneity by branch order: exploring the discrepancy in root turnover estimates between minirhizotron and carbon isotopic methods, New Phytologist, vol.177, pp.443-456, 2008.

A. J. Guswa, Effect of plant uptake strategy on the water-optimal root depth, Water Resources Research, vol.46, 2010.

K. Hansson, H. Helmisaari, S. P. Sah, and H. Lange, Fine root production and turnover of tree and understorey vegetation in Scots pine, silver birch and Norway spruce stands in SW Sweden, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.309, pp.58-65, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02650887

H. Helmisaari, K. Makkonen, S. Kellomäki, E. Valtonen, and E. Mälkönen, Belowand above-ground biomass, production and nitrogen use in Scots pine stands in eastern Finland, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.165, issue.1-3, pp.317-326, 2002.

H. Helmisaari, J. Derome, P. Nojd, and M. Kukkola, Fine root biomass in relation to site and stand characteristics in Norway spruce and Scots pine stands, Tree Physiology, vol.27, pp.1493-1504, 2007.

R. L. Hendrick and K. S. Pregitzer, The dynamics of fine root length, biomass, and nitrogen content in two northern hardwood ecosystems, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.23, pp.2507-2520, 1993.

J. J. Hendricks, R. L. Hendrick, C. A. Wilson, R. J. Mitchell, S. D. Pecot et al., Assessing the patterns and controls of fine root dynamics: an empirical test and methodological review, Journal of Ecology, vol.94, pp.40-57, 2006.

D. Hertel, T. Strecker, H. Müller-haubold, and C. Leuschner, Fine root biomass and dynamics in beech forests across a precipitation gradient -is optimal resource partitioning theory applicable to water-limited mature trees, Journal of Ecology, vol.101, pp.1183-1200, 2013.

S. Imada, N. Yamanaka, and S. Tamai, Water table depth affects Populus alba fine root growth and whole plant biomass, Functional Ecology, vol.22, pp.1018-1026, 2008.

, World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 -International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps, World Soil Resources Reports, issue.106, 2014.

C. M. Iversen, Digging deeper: fine-root responses to rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration in forested ecosystems, New Phytologist, vol.186, pp.346-357, 2010.

C. M. Iversen, Using root form to improve our understanding of root function, New Phytologist, vol.203, pp.707-709, 2014.

R. B. Jackson, H. A. Mooney, and E. -. Schulze, A global budget for fine root biomass, surface area, and nutrient contents, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94, vol.14, pp.7362-7366, 1997.

Y. Jiang, Q. Zhuang, S. Schaphoff, S. Sitch, A. Sokolov et al., Uncertainty analysis of vegetation distribution in the northern high latitudes during the 21st century with a dynamic vegetation model, Ecology and Evolution, vol.2, pp.593-614, 2012.

J. D. Joslin and G. S. Henderson, Organic matter and nutrients associated with fine root turnover in a white oak stand, Forest Science, vol.33, pp.330-346, 1987.

J. D. Joslin, M. H. Wolfe, and P. J. Hanson, Effects of altered water regimes on forest root systems, New Phytologist, vol.147, pp.117-129, 2000.

A. Kalyn and K. V. Rees, Contribution of fine roots to ecosystem biomass and net primary production in black spruce, aspen, and jack pine forests in Saskatchewan, References Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, vol.140, issue.1-4, pp.236-243, 2006.

S. G. Keel, C. D. Campbell, M. N. Högberg, A. Richter, B. Wild et al., Allocation of carbon to fine root compounds and their residence times in a boreal forest depend on root size class and season, New Phytologist, vol.194, pp.972-981, 2012.

M. R. Keyes and C. C. Grier, Above-and below-ground net production in 40-year-old douglas-fir stands on low and high productivity sites, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.11, pp.599-605, 1981.

J. S. King, T. J. Albaugh, H. L. Allen, M. Buford, B. R. Strain et al., Below-ground carbon input to soil is controlled by nutrient availability and fine root dynamics in loblolly pine, New Phytologist, vol.154, pp.389-398, 2002.

D. Kong, C. Ma, Q. Zhang, L. Li, X. Chen et al., Leading dimensions in absorptive root trait variation across 96 subtropical forest species, New Phytologist, vol.203, pp.863-872, 2014.

J. Kreyling, D. Per?oh, S. Werner, M. Benzenberg, and J. Wöllecke, Short-term impacts of soil freeze-thaw cycles on roots and root-associated fungi of Holcus lanatus and Calluna vulgaris, Plant and Soil, vol.353, issue.1-2, pp.19-31, 2012.

A. Kulmatiski and K. Beard, Root niche partitioning among grasses, saplings, and trees measured using a tracer technique, Oecologia, vol.171, pp.25-37, 2013.

J. Leppälammi-kujansuu, L. Aro, M. Salemaa, K. Hansson, D. B. Kleja et al., Fine root longevity and carbon input into soil from below-and aboveground litter in climatically contrasting forests, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.326, pp.79-90, 2014.

C. Leuschner and D. Hertel, Fine root biomass of temperate forests in relation to soil acidity and fertility, climate, age and species, Progress in Botany, pp.405-438, 2003.

H. Majdi and J. Öhrvik, Interactive effects of soil warming and fertilization on root production, mortality, and longevity in a Norway spruce stand in Northern Sweden, Global Change Biology, vol.10, pp.182-188, 2004.

J. Maurice, J. Laclau, D. S. Re, J. L. Moraes-gonçalves, . De et al., Fine root isotropy in Eucalyptus grandis plantations. Towards the prediction of root length densities from root counts on trench walls, Plant and Soil, vol.334, issue.1-2, pp.261-275, 2010.

M. L. Mccormack, T. S. Adams, E. A. Smithwick, and D. M. Eissenstat, Variability in root production, phenology, and turnover rate among 12 temperate tree species, Ecology, vol.95, pp.2224-2235, 2014.

M. L. Mccormack, I. A. Dickie, D. M. Eissenstat, T. J. Fahey, C. W. Fernandez et al., Redefining fine roots improves understanding of below-ground contributions to terrestrial biosphere processes, New Phytologist, vol.207, pp.505-518, 2015.

M. L. Mccormack, D. M. Eissenstat, A. M. Prasad, and E. A. Smithwick, Regional scale patterns of fine root lifespan and turnover under current and future climate, Global Change Biology, vol.19, pp.1697-1708, 2013.

M. L. Mccormack and D. Guo, Impacts of environmental factors on fine root lifespan, Frontiers in Plant Science, vol.5, 2014.

I. C. Meier and C. Leuschner, Belowground drought response of European beech: fine root biomass and carbon partitioning in 14 mature stands across a precipitation gradient, Global Change Biology, vol.14, pp.2081-2095, 2008.

P. T. Moore, H. V. Miegroet, and N. S. Nicholas, Relative role of understory and overstory in carbon and nitrogen cycling in a southern Appalachian spruce-fir forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.37, pp.2689-2700, 2007.

T. R. Nisbet and C. E. Mullins, A comparison of live and dead fine root weights in stands of Sitka spruce in contrasting soil water regimes, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.16, pp.394-397, 1986.

R. J. Norby, E. H. Delucia, B. Gielen, C. Calfapietra, C. P. Giardina et al., Forest response to elevated CO 2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, pp.18052-18056, 2005.

I. Ostonen, K. Lohmus, H. Helmisaari, J. Truu, and S. Meel, Fine root morphological adaptations in Scots pine, Norway spruce and silver birch along a latitudinal gradient in boreal forests, Tree Physiology, vol.27, pp.1627-1634, 2007.

I. Ostonen, K. Lõhmus, and R. Lasn, The role of soil conditions in fine root ecomorphology in Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) Plant and Soil 208, vol.2, pp.283-292, 1999.

A. Pierret, C. J. Moran, and C. Doussan, Conventional detection methodology is limiting our ability to understand the roles and functions of fine roots, New Phytologist, vol.166, pp.967-980, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02677817

K. S. Pregitzer, M. J. Laskowski, A. J. Burton, V. C. Lessard, Z. et al., Variation in sugar maple root respiration with root diameter and soil depth, Tree Physiology, vol.18, pp.665-670, 1998.

K. S. Pregitzer, Fine roots of trees -a new perspective, New Phytologist, vol.154, pp.267-270, 2002.

K. S. Pregitzer, J. L. Deforest, A. J. Burton, M. F. Allen, R. W. Ruess et al., Fine root architecture of nine North American trees, Ecological Monographs, vol.72, p.293, 2002.

K. S. Pregitzer, J. S. King, A. J. Burton, and S. E. Brown, Responses of tree fine roots to temperature, New Phytologist, vol.147, issue.1, pp.105-115, 2000.

K. S. Pregitzer, M. E. Kubiske, C. K. Yu, and R. L. Hendrick, Relationships among root branch order, carbon, and nitrogen in four temperate species, Oecologia, vol.111, pp.302-308, 1997.

B. Qian, E. G. Gregorich, S. Gameda, D. W. Hopkins, and X. L. Wang, Observed soil temperature trends associated with climate change in Canada, Journal of Geophysical Research, vol.116, 2011.

. R-core-team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2014.

T. Repo, S. Sirkiä, J. Heinonen, A. Lavigné, M. Roitto et al., Effects of frozen soil on growth and longevity of fine roots of Norway spruce, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.313, pp.112-122, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01197623

D. D. Richter, D. Markewitz, S. E. Trumbore, and C. G. Wells, Rapid accumulation and turnover of soil carbon in a re-establishing forest, Nature, vol.400, pp.56-58, 1999.

R. W. Ruess, R. L. Hendrick, A. J. Burton, K. S. Pregitzer, B. Sveinbjornssön et al., Coupling fine root dynamics with ecosystem carbon cycling in black spruce forests of interior Alaska, Ecological Monographs, vol.73, pp.643-662, 2003.

H. J. Schenk, Root competition: beyond resource depletion, Journal of Ecology, vol.94, pp.725-739, 2006.

H. J. Schenk and R. B. Jackson, Rooting depths, lateral root spreads and belowground/above-ground allometries of plants in water-limited ecosystems, Journal of Ecology, vol.90, pp.480-494, 2002.

H. J. Schenk and R. B. Jackson, The global biogeography of roots, Ecological Monographs, vol.72, p.311, 2002.

D. Shepashenko, A. Shvidenko, and S. Nilsson, Phytomass (live biomass) and carbon of Siberian forests, Biomass and Bioenergy, vol.14, issue.97, p.10006, 1998.

A. I. Shiklomanov and R. B. Lammers, Record Russian river discharge in 2007 and the limits of analysis, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45015, 2009.

I. M. Shkolnik, E. D. Nadyozhina, T. V. Pavlova, E. K. Molkentin, and A. A. Semioshina, Snow cover and permafrost evolution in Siberia as simulated by the MGO regional climate model in the 20th and 21st centuries, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15005, 2010.

S. W. Smith, S. J. Woodin, R. J. Pakeman, D. Johnson, R. Wal et al., Root traits predict decomposition across a landscape-scale grazing experiment, New Phytologist, vol.203, pp.851-862, 2014.

E. A. Smithwick, M. S. Lucash, M. L. Mccormack, and G. Sivandran, Improving the representation of roots in terrestrial models, Ecological Modelling, vol.291, pp.193-204, 2014.

J. Snegur, Sibérie russe, Sibérie chinoise ? Outre-Terre, vol.15, pp.279-286, 2006.

A. J. Soja, N. M. Tchebakova, N. H. French, M. D. Flannigan, H. H. Shugart et al., , 2007.

, Climate-induced boreal forest change: Predictions versus current observations, Global and Planetary Change, vol.56, pp.274-296

D. F. Steinaker, S. D. Wilson, and D. A. Peltzer, Asynchronicity in root and shoot phenology in grasses and woody plants, Global Change Biology, vol.16, pp.2241-2251, 2010.

M. Sturm, J. Holmgreen, M. König, M. , and K. , The thermal conductivity of seasonal snow, Journal of Glaciology, vol.43, pp.26-41, 1997.

M. Sturm, J. Holmgren, and G. E. Liston, A seasonal snow cover classification system for local to global applications, Journal of Climate, vol.8, pp.1261-1283, 1995.

B. N. Taylor, K. V. Beidler, E. R. Cooper, A. E. Strand, and S. G. Pritchard, Sampling volume in root studies: the pitfalls of under-sampling exposed using accumulation curves, Ecology Letters, vol.16, pp.862-869, 2013.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, G. I. Lysanova, and A. J. Soja, Agroclimatic potential across central Siberia in an altered twenty-first century, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45207, 2011.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. Parfenova, and A. J. Soja, The effects of climate, permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45013, 2009.

N. M. Tchebakova, G. E. Rehfeldt, and E. I. Parfenova, From vegetation zones to climatypes: Effects of climate warming on Siberian ecosystems, Permafrost Ecosystems. Siberian Larch Forests. Chap, vol.22, pp.427-447, 2010.

D. Tennant, A test of a modified line intersect method of estimating root length, Journal of Ecology, vol.63, pp.995-1001, 1975.

G. Tierney, T. Fahey, P. Groffman, J. Hardy, R. Fitzhugh et al., Soil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, pp.175-190, 2001.

L. R. Valenzuela-estrada, V. Vera-caraballo, L. E. Ruth, and D. M. Eissenstat, Root anatomy, morphology, and longevity among root orders in Vaccinium corymbosum (Ericaceae), American Journal of Botany 95, vol.12, pp.1506-1514, 2008.

K. Vogt, D. Vogt, and J. Bloomfield, Analysis of some direct and indirect methods for estimating root biomass and production of forests at an ecosystem level, Plant and Soil, vol.200, issue.1, pp.71-89, 1998.

K. Vogt, D. Vogt, P. Palmiotto, P. Boon, J. O'hara et al., Root structural and functional dynamics in terrestrial biosphere modelsevaluation and recommendations, New Phytologist, vol.187, issue.2, pp.59-78, 1996.

C. E. Wells and D. M. Eissenstat, Marked differences in survivorship among apple roots of different diameters, Ecology, vol.82, p.882, 2001.

D. F. Whigham, Ecology of woodland herbs in temperate deciduous forests, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.35, pp.583-621, 2004.

J. Yarie, The role of understory vegetation in the nutrient cycle of forested ecosystems in the mountain hemlock biogeoclimatic zone, Ecology, vol.61, p.1498, 1980.

Z. Y. Yuan and H. Y. Chen, Fine root biomass, production, turnover rates, and nutrient contents in boreal forest ecosystems in relation to species, climate, fertility, and stand age: Literature review and meta-analyses, Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, vol.29, pp.204-221, 2010.

Z. Y. Yuan and H. Y. Chen, A global analysis of fine root production as affected by soil nitrogen and phosphorus, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.279, pp.3796-3802, 1743.

Z. Y. Yuan and H. Y. Chen, Fine root dynamics with stand development in the boreal forest, Functional Ecology, vol.26, pp.991-998, 2012.

T. Zhang, Influence of the seasonal snow cover on the ground thermal regime: An overview, Reviews of Geophysics, vol.43, 2005.

D. L. Achat, M. R. Bakker, L. Augusto, D. Derrien, N. Gallegos et al., Phosphorus status of soils from contrasting forested ecosystems in southwestern Siberia: effects of microbiological and physicochemical properties, Biogeosciences, vol.10, pp.733-752, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02651178

D. L. Achat, L. Augusto, C. Morel, and M. R. Bakker, Predicting available phosphate ions from physical-chemical soil properties in acidic sandy soils under pine forests, Journal of Soils and Sediments, vol.11, issue.3, pp.452-466, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02644025

D. L. Achat, M. R. Bakker, L. Augusto, and C. Morel, Contributions of microbial and physical-chemical processes to phosphorus availability in Podzols and Arenosols under a temperate forest, Geoderma, vol.211, issue.212, pp.18-27, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02645406

D. L. Achat, M. R. Bakker, L. Augusto, E. Saur, L. Dousseron et al., Evaluation of the phosphorus status of P-deficient podzols in temperate pine stands: combining isotopic dilution and extraction methods, Biogeochemistry, vol.92, issue.3, pp.183-200, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02663717

R. Aerts and F. Chapin, The mineral nutrition of wild plants revisited: A re-evaluation of processes and patterns, Advances in Ecological Research, pp.60016-60017, 1999.

. Afnor, Qualité des sols, Recueil de normes, vol.1, 1999.

G. I. Ågren, J. Å. Wetterstedt, and M. F. Billberger, Nutrient limitation on terrestrial plant growth -modeling the interaction between nitrogen and phosphorus, New Phytologist, vol.194, pp.953-960, 2012.

L. Augusto, M. Turpault, and J. Ranger, Impact of forest tree species on feldspar weathering rates, Geoderma, vol.96, pp.215-237, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02690035

S. A. Barber, Soil nutrient bioavailability -A mechanistic approach, 2nd. Chap. 9: Phosphorus, pp.201-228, 1995.

N. J. Barrow, A mechanistic model for describing the sorption and desorption of phosphate by soil, The Journal of Soil Science, vol.34, pp.733-750, 1983.

P. Bengtson, U. Falkengren-grerup, and G. Bengtsson, Relieving substrate limitationsoil moisture and temperature determine gross N transformation rates, Oikos, vol.111, pp.81-90, 2005.

K. M. Bergen, S. K. Hitztaler, V. I. Kharuk, O. N. Krankina, T. V. Loboda et al., Human dimensions of environmental change in Siberia, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences, pp.251-302, 2012.

E. Bünemann, P. Marschner, A. Mcneill, and M. Mclaughlin, Measuring rates of gross and net mineralisation of organic phosphorus in soils, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.39, pp.900-913, 2007.

E. K. Bünemann, Assessment of gross and net mineralization rates of soil organic phosphorus -A review, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.89, pp.82-98, 2015.

J. ?ernohlávková, J. Jarkovský, M. Ne?porová, and J. Hofman, Variability of soil microbial properties: Effects of sampling, handling and storage. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 72, vol.8, pp.2102-2108, 2009.

P. J. Chapman, C. A. Shand, A. C. Edwards, and S. Smith, Effect of storage and sieving on the phosphorus composition of soil solution, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.61, pp.315-321, 1997.

J. Chlachula, The Siberian loess record and its significance for reconstruction of Pleistocene climate change in north-central Asia, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.22, 1879.

J. Cooper, R. Lombardi, D. Boardman, and C. Marquet, The future distribution and production of global phosphate rock reserves. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol.57, pp.78-86, 2011.

D. Cordell, A. Rosemarin, J. Schröder, and A. Smit, Towards global phosphorus security: A systems framework for phosphorus recovery and reuse options. Chemosphere 84.6. The Phosphorus Cycle, pp.747-758, 2011.

D. Cordell, J. Drangert, and S. White, The story of phosphorus: Global food security and food for thought. Global Environmental Change 19.2. Traditional Peoples and Climate Change, Soil Science, vol.172, pp.631-638, 2007.

J. I. Drever, The effect of land plants on weathering rates of silicate minerals. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 58, vol.10, pp.90013-90015, 1994.

J. J. Elser, M. E. Bracken, E. E. Cleland, D. S. Gruner, W. S. Harpole et al., Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, Ecology Letters, vol.10, pp.1135-1142, 2007.

J. Fardeau, Le phosphore assimilable des sols : sa représentation par un modèle fonctionnel à plusieurs compartiments, Agronomie, vol.13, pp.317-331, 1993.

J. Fardeau, Dynamics of phosphate in soils. An isotopic outlook, Fertilizer Research, vol.45, pp.91-100, 1996.

J. Fardeau, C. Morel, B. , and R. , Cinétique de transfer des ions phosphate diu sol vers la solution du sol: paramètres caractéristiques, Agronomie, vol.11, pp.787-797, 1991.

M. Fernández-martínez, S. Vicca, I. A. Janssens, J. Sardans, S. Luyssaert et al., Nutrient availability as the key regulator of global forest carbon balance, Nature Climate Change, vol.4, pp.471-476, 2014.

G. M. Filippelli, The global phosphorus cycle: Past, present, and future, 2008.

E. Frossard, S. ;. Sinaj, P. , and Z. , The isotope exchange kinetic technique: A method to describe the availability of inorganic nutrients, Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, vol.33, issue.1-2, pp.61-77, 1997.

E. Frossard, D. L. Achat, S. M. Bernasconi, E. K. Bünemann, J. Fardeau et al., The use of tracers to investigate phosphate cycling in soil-plant systems, In: Phosphorus in Action, vol.100, pp.59-91, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02810936

F. Gérard, Clay minerals, iron/aluminum oxides, and their contribution to phosphate sorption in soils -A myth revisited, Geoderma, vol.262, pp.213-226, 2016.

R. Giesler, T. Petersson, and P. Högberg, Phosphorus limitation in boreal forests: Effects of aluminum and iron accumulation in the humus layer, Ecosystems, vol.5, pp.300-314, 2002.

E. P. Gordov and E. A. Vaganov, Siberia integrated regional study: multidisciplinary investigations of the dynamic relationship between the Siberian environment and global climate change, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15007, 2010.

P. Y. Groisman, T. A. Blyakharchuk, A. V. Chernokulsky, M. M. Arzhanov, L. B. Marchesini et al.,

E. I. Razuvaev, V. N. Speranskaya, N. A. Tchebakova, N. M. Vygodskaya, and N. N. , Climate changes in Siberia, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences. Chap, vol.3, pp.57-109, 2012.

P. Groisman and A. J. Soja, Ongoing climatic change in Northern Eurasia: justification for expedient research, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45002, 2009.

S. Güsewell, N : P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance, New Phytologist, vol.164, pp.243-266, 2004.

S. Güsewell and M. O. Gessner, N : P ratios influence litter decomposition and colonization by fungi and bacteria in microcosms, Functional Ecology, vol.23, pp.211-219, 2009.

W. S. Harpole, J. T. Ngai, E. E. Cleland, E. W. Seabloom, E. T. Borer et al., Nutrient co-limitation of primary producer communities, Ecology Letters, vol.14, pp.852-862, 2011.

M. He and F. A. Dijkstra, Drought effect on plant nitrogen and phosphorus: a meta-analysis, New Phytologist, vol.204, pp.924-931, 2014.

L. O. Hedin, Global organization of terrestrial plant-nutrient interactions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, vol.30, 2004.

P. Hinsinger, Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes: a review, Plant and Soil, vol.237, pp.173-195, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02679491

. Ipcc-;-t, D. Stocker, G. Qin, M. Plattner, S. Tignor et al., Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1535.

, World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 -International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps, World Soil Resources Reports, issue.106, 2014.

C. M. Iversen, Digging deeper: fine-root responses to rising atmospheric CO 2 concentration in forested ecosystems, New Phytologist, vol.186, pp.346-357, 2010.

H. Jenny, Factors of soil formation, Soil Science, vol.52, p.415, 1941.

Y. Jiang, Q. Zhuang, S. Schaphoff, S. Sitch, A. Sokolov et al., Uncertainty analysis of vegetation distribution in the northern high latitudes during the 21st century with a dynamic vegetation model, Ecology and Evolution, vol.2, pp.593-614, 2012.

D. W. Kicklighter, Y. Cai, Q. Zhuang, E. I. Parfenova, S. Paltsev et al., Potential influence of climate-induced References vegetation shifts on future land use and associated land carbon fluxes in Northern Eurasia, Environmental Research Letters, vol.9, p.35004, 2014.

S. Kuo and E. G. Lotse, Kinetics of phosphate adsorption by calcium carbonate and Ca-kaolinite1, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.36, pp.725-729, 1972.

M. Lempereur, N. K. Martin-stpaul, C. Damesin, R. Joffre, J. Ourcival et al., Growth duration is a better predictor of stem increment than carbon supply in a Mediterranean oak forest: implications for assessing forest productivity under climate change, New Phytologist, vol.207, pp.579-590, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02638894

G. K. Macdonald, E. M. Bennett, P. A. Potter, and N. Ramankutty, Agronomic phosphorus imbalances across the world's croplands, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, vol.7, pp.3086-3091, 2011.

H. Majdi and J. Öhrvik, Interactive effects of soil warming and fertilization on root production, mortality, and longevity in a Norway spruce stand in Northern Sweden, Global Change Biology, vol.10, pp.182-188, 2004.

J. A. Mckeague and J. H. Day, Dithionite and oxalate-extractable Fe and Al as aids in differentiating various classes of soils, Canadian Journal of Soil Science, vol.46, pp.13-22, 1966.

A. J. Miller, E. A. Schuur, and O. A. Chadwick, Redox control of phosphorus pools in Hawaiian montane forest soils, Geoderma, vol.102, issue.3-4, pp.16-23, 2001.

H. A. Mooney, B. G. Drake, R. J. Luxmoore, W. C. Oechel, and L. F. Pitelka, Predicting ecosystem responses to elevated CO 2 concentrations, BioScience, vol.41, pp.96-104, 1991.

C. Morel and C. Plenchette, Is the isotopically exchangeable phosphate of a loamy soil the plant-available P? Plant and Soil 158, vol.2, pp.287-297, 1994.

C. Morel, H. Tunney, D. Plénet, and S. Pellerin, Transfer of phosphate ions between soil and solution: Perspectives in soil testing, Journal of Environmental Quality, vol.29, pp.50-59, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02699114

D. Muhs, Loess deposits, origins and properties, Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, pp.1405-1418, 2007.

R. J. Norby, E. H. Delucia, B. Gielen, C. Calfapietra, C. P. Giardina et al., Forest response to elevated CO 2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, pp.18052-18056, 2005.

R. Oren, D. S. Ellsworth, K. H. Johnsen, N. Phillips, B. E. Ewers et al., Soil fertility limits carbon sequestration by forest ecosystems in a CO 2 -enriched atmosphere, Nature, vol.411, pp.469-472, 2001.

R. Parfitt, Anion adsorption by soils and soil materials, Advances in Agronomy, vol.30, pp.60702-60708, 1978.

K. I. Paul, P. J. Polglase, A. M. O'connell, J. C. Carlyle, P. J. Smethurst et al., Soil nitrogen availability predictor (SNAP): a simple model for predicting mineralisation of nitrogen in forest soils, Australian Journal of Soil Research, vol.40, pp.1011-1026, 2002.

J. Peñuelas, B. Poulter, J. Sardans, P. Ciais, M. Velde et al., Human-induced nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances alter natural and managed ecosystems across the globe, Nature Communications, vol.4, 2013.

J. Peñuelas, J. Sardans, A. Rivas-ubach, and I. A. Janssens, The human-induced imbalance between C, N and P in Earth's life system, Global Change Biology, vol.18, pp.3-6, 2012.

. R-core-team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015.

I. C. Regelink, L. Weng, G. J. Lair, and R. N. Comans, Adsorption of phosphate and organic matter on metal (hydr)oxides in arable and forest soil: a mechanistic modelling study, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.66, pp.867-875, 2015.

P. B. Reich and J. Oleksyn, Global patterns of plant leaf N and P in relation to temperature and latitude, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.101, pp.11001-11006, 2004.

P. B. Reich, S. E. Hobbie, and T. D. Lee, Plant growth enhancement by elevated CO 2 eliminated by joint water and nitrogen limitation, Nature Geoscience 7, vol.12, pp.920-924, 2014.

P. B. Reich, S. E. Hobbie, T. Lee, D. S. Ellsworth, J. B. West et al., Nitrogen limitation constrains sustainability of ecosystem response to CO 2, Nature, vol.440, pp.922-925, 2006.

P. B. Reich, B. A. Hungate, and Y. Luo, Carbon-nitrogen interactions in terrestrial ecosystems in response to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.37, pp.611-636, 2006.

W. M. Saunders and E. G. Williams, Observations on the determination of total organic phosphorus in soils, The Journal of Soil Science, vol.6, pp.254-267, 1955.

D. S. Schimel, Terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle, Global Change Biology, vol.1, pp.77-91, 1995.

A. I. Shiklomanov and R. B. Lammers, Record Russian river discharge in 2007 and the limits of analysis, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45015, 2009.

I. M. Shkolnik, E. D. Nadyozhina, T. V. Pavlova, E. K. Molkentin, and A. A. Semioshina, Snow cover and permafrost evolution in Siberia as simulated by the MGO regional climate model in the 20th and 21st centuries, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15005, 2010.

J. K. Shuman, N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, A. J. Soja, H. H. Shugart et al., Forest forecasting with vegetation models across Russia, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.45, pp.175-184, 2015.

M. Smurygin, Basic trends of grassland research in the USSR, Proceedings of the 12th International Grassland Congress, pp.76-88, 1974.

A. J. Soja, N. M. Tchebakova, N. H. French, M. D. Flannigan, H. H. Shugart et al., , 2007.

, Climate-induced boreal forest change: Predictions versus current observations, Global and Planetary Change, vol.56, pp.274-296

R. Strauss, G. Brummer, and N. Barrow, Effects of crystallinity of goethite: I. Preparation and properties of goethites of differing crystallinity, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.48, pp.87-99, 1997.

R. Strauss, G. Brummer, and N. Barrow, Effects of crystallinity of goethite: II. Rates of sorption and desorption of phosphate, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.48, pp.101-114, 1997.

M. K. Sundqvist, D. A. Wardle, A. Vincent, and R. Giesler, Contrasting nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics across an elevational gradient for subarctic tundra heath and meadow vegetation, Plant and Soil, vol.383, issue.1-2, pp.387-399, 2014.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. I. Parfenova, G. I. Lysanova, and A. J. Soja, Agroclimatic potential across central Siberia in an altered twenty-first century, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45207, 2011.

N. M. Tchebakova, E. Parfenova, and A. J. Soja, The effects of climate, permafrost and fire on vegetation change in Siberia in a changing climate, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45013, 2009.

N. M. Tchebakova, G. E. Rehfeldt, and E. I. Parfenova, From vegetation zones to climatypes: Effects of climate warming on Siberian ecosystems, Permafrost Ecosystems. Siberian Larch Forests. Chap, vol.22, pp.427-447, 2010.

T. S. Tran, M. Giroux, and J. C. Fardeau, Effects of soil properties on plant-available phosphorus determined by the isotopic dilution phosphorus-32 method, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.52, pp.1383-1390, 1988.

K. Groenigen, J. Six, B. A. Hungate, M. De-graaff, N. Van-breemen et al., Inorganic and organic phosphate measurements in the nanomolar range, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103, vol.17, p.90649, 1987.

A. G. Vincent, M. K. Sundqvist, D. A. Wardle, and R. Giesler, Bioavailable Soil Phosphorus Decreases with Increasing Elevation in a Subarctic Tundra Landscape, PLoS ONE, vol.9, p.92942, 2014.

P. M. Vitousek, S. Porder, B. Z. Houlton, and O. A. Chadwick, Terrestrial phosphorus limitation: mechanisms, implications, and nitrogen-phosphorus interactions, Ecological Applications, vol.20, pp.5-15, 2010.

M. Walbridge, C. Richardson, and W. Swank, Vertical distribution of biological and geochemical phosphorus subcycles in two southern Appalachian forest soils, Biogeochemistry, vol.13, pp.61-85, 1991.

T. Walker and J. Syers, The fate of phosphorus during pedogenesis, Geoderma, vol.15, pp.1-19, 1976.

N. Ziadi, J. K. Whalen, A. J. Messiga, and C. Morel, Assessment and modeling of soil available phosphorus in sustainable cropping systems, Advances in Agronomy, pp.85-126, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02808483

A. References, Qualité des sols, Recueil de normes, vol.1, 1999.

J. Balesdent, The significance of organic separates to carbon dynamics and its modelling in some cultivated soils, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.47, pp.485-493, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02684613

J. Balesdent, E. Besnard, D. Arrouays, and C. Chenu, Plant and Soil, vol.201, pp.49-57, 1998.

J. Balesdent, C. Chenu, and M. Balabane, Relationship of soil organic matter dynamics to physical protection and tillage, Soil and Tillage Research, vol.53, issue.3-4, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02684984

B. Berg, M. Johansson, G. Ekbohm, C. Mcclaugherty, F. Rutigliano et al., Maximum decomposition limits of forest litter types: a synthesis, Canadian Journal of Botany, vol.74, pp.659-672, 1996.

B. Berg, M. Johansson, Å. Nilsson, P. Gundersen, and L. Norell, Sequestration of carbon in the humus layer of Swedish forests -direct measurements, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.39, pp.962-975, 2009.

B. Berg and C. Mcclaugherty, Plant Litter: Decomposition, Humus Formation, Carbon Sequestration. Third Edition, 2014.

C. Bimüller, P. S. Naumann, F. Buegger, M. Dannenmann, B. Zeller et al., Rapid transfer of 15N from labeled beech leaf litter to functional soil organic matter fractions in a Rendzic Leptosol, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.58, pp.323-331, 2013.

T. J. Blumfield, Z. Xu, N. J. Mathers, and P. G. Saffigna, Decomposition of Nitrogen-15 Labeled Hoop Pine Harvest Residues in Subtropical Australia, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.68, p.1751, 2004.

M. S. Booth, J. M. Stark, and E. Rastetter, Controls on nitrogen cycling in terrestrial ecosystems: A synthetic analysis of litterature data, Ecological Monographs, vol.75, pp.139-157, 2005.

R. Boutin and G. Robitaille, Increased soil nitrate losses under mature sugar maple trees affected by experimentally induced deep frost, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.25, pp.588-602, 1995.

M. A. Bradford, B. Berg, D. S. Maynard, W. R. Wieder, and S. A. Wood, Understanding the dominant controls on litter decomposition, Journal of Ecology, vol.104, pp.229-238, 2015.

M. A. Bradford, G. M. Tordoff, T. Eggers, T. H. Jones, and J. E. Newington, Microbiota, fauna, and mesh size interactions in litter decomposition, Oikos, vol.99, pp.317-323, 2002.

P. D. Brooks, P. Grogan, P. H. Templer, P. Groffman, M. G. Öquist et al., Carbon and nitrogen cycling in snow-covered environments, Geography Compass, vol.5, pp.682-699, 2011.

P. D. Brooks and M. W. Williams, Snowpack controls on nitrogen cycling and export in seasonally snow-covered catchments, Hydrological Processes 13.14-15, pp.2177-2190, 1999.

P. D. Brooks, M. W. Williams, and S. K. Schmidt, Microbial activity under alpine snowpacks, Biogeochemistry, vol.32, pp.93-113, 1996.

P. Brooks, M. Williams, and S. Schmidt, Inorganic nitrogen and microbial biomass dynamics before and during spring snowmelt, Biogeochemistry, vol.43, issue.1, pp.1-15, 1998.

K. M. Buckeridge and P. Grogan, Deepened snow increases late thaw biogeochemical pulses in mesic low arctic tundra, Biogeochemistry, vol.101, issue.1-3, 2010.

M. Buée, D. Vairelles, and J. Garbaye, Year-round monitoring of diversity and potential metabolic activity of the ectomycorrhizal community in a beech (Fagus silvatica) forest subjected to two thinning regimes, Mycorrhiza, vol.15, pp.235-245, 2005.

R. Bulygina, O. N. Groisman, P. Y. Razuvaev, V. N. Korshunova, and N. N. , Changes in snow cover characteristics over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.6, p.45204, 2011.

O. N. Bulygina, P. Y. Groisman, V. N. Razuvaev, and V. F. Radionov, Snow cover basal ice layer changes over Northern Eurasia since 1966, Environmental Research Letters, vol.5, p.15004, 2010.

O. N. Bulygina, V. N. Razuvaev, and N. N. Korshunova, Changes in snow cover over Northern Eurasia in the last few decades, Environmental Research Letters, vol.4, p.45026, 2009.

M. Calabi-floody, J. S. Bendall, A. A. Jara, M. E. Welland, B. K. Theng et al., Nanoclays from an Andisol: Extraction, properties and carbon stabilization, Geoderma, vol.161, issue.3, pp.159-167, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00575987

I. Callesen, W. Borken, K. Kalbitz, and E. Matzner, Long-term development of nitrogen fluxes in a coniferous ecosystem: Does soil freezing trigger nitrate leaching, Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, vol.170, pp.189-196, 2007.

J. L. Campbell, A. B. Reinmann, and P. H. Templer, Soil Freezing Effects on Sources of Nitrogen and Carbon Leached During Snowmelt, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.78, p.297, 2014.

J. L. Campbell, A. M. Socci, and P. H. Templer, Increased nitrogen leaching following soil freezing is due to decreased root uptake in a northern hardwood forest, Global Change Biology, vol.20, pp.2663-2673, 2014.

L. Caner, B. Zeller, E. Dambrine, J. Ponge, M. Chauvat et al., Origin of the nitrogen assimilated by soil fauna living in decomposing beech litter, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.36, pp.1861-1872, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02678361

C. Chenu and A. F. Plante, Clay-sized organo-mineral complexes in a cultivation chronosequence: revisiting the concept of the 'primary organo-mineral complex, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.57, pp.596-607, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00176212

J. Chlachula, The Siberian loess record and its significance for reconstruction of Pleistocene climate change in north-central Asia, Quaternary Science Reviews, vol.22, 1879.

N. L. Cleavitt, T. J. Fahey, P. M. Groffman, J. P. Hardy, K. S. Henry et al., Effects of soil freezing on fine roots in a northern hardwood forest, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.38, pp.82-91, 2008.

W. K. Cornwell, J. H. Cornelissen, K. Amatangelo, E. Dorrepaal, V. T. Eviner et al., Ecology Letters, vol.11, pp.1065-1071, 2008.

M. F. Cotrufo, J. L. Soong, A. J. Horton, E. E. Campbell, M. Haddix et al., Formation of soil organic matter via biochemical and physical pathways of litter mass loss, Nature Geoscience, vol.8, pp.776-779, 2015.

M. F. Cotrufo, M. D. Wallenstein, C. M. Boot, K. Denef, P. et al., The Microbial Efficiency-Matrix Stabilization (MEMS) framework integrates plant litter decomposition with soil organic matter stabilization: do labile plant inputs form stable soil organic matter?, Global Change Biology, vol.19, pp.988-995, 2013.

S. W. Duiker, F. E. Rhoton, J. Torrent, N. E. Smeck, and R. Lal, Iron (Hydr)Oxide Crystallinity Effects on Soil Aggregation, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.67, p.606, 2003.

A. Dümig, W. Häusler, M. Steffens, and I. Knabner, Clay fractions from a soil chronosequence after glacier retreat reveal the initial evolution of organo-mineral associations, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.85, pp.1-18, 2012.

J. J. Elser, M. E. Bracken, E. E. Cleland, D. S. Gruner, W. S. Harpole et al., Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems, Ecology Letters, vol.10, pp.1135-1142, 2007.

P. A. Fay, S. M. Prober, W. S. Harpole, J. M. Knops, J. D. Bakker et al., , 2015.

M. Fernández-martínez, S. Vicca, I. A. Janssens, J. Sardans, S. Luyssaert et al., Nutrient availability as the key regulator of global forest carbon balance, Nature Climate Change, vol.4, pp.471-476, 2014.

R. D. Fitzhugh, C. T. Driscoll, P. M. Groffman, G. L. Tierney, T. J. Fahey et al., Soil Freezing and the Acid-Base Chemistry of Soil Solutions in a Northern Hardwood Forest, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.67, p.1897, 2003.

P. Garc?á-palacios, F. T. Maestre, J. Kattge, and D. H. Wall, Climate and litter quality differently modulate the effects of soil fauna on litter decomposition across biomes, Ecology Letters, vol.16, pp.1045-1053, 2013.

P. M. Groffman, J. P. Hardy, C. T. Driscoll, and T. J. Fahey, Snow depth, soil freezing, and fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in a northern hardwood forest, Global Change Biology, vol.12, pp.1748-1760, 2006.

P. Groffman, C. Driscoll, T. Fahey, J. Hardy, R. Fitzhugh et al., Effects of mild winter freezing on soil nitrogen and carbon dynamics in a northern hardwood forest, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, pp.191-213, 2001.

P. Grogan and S. Jonasson, Temperature and substrate controls on intra-annual variation in ecosystem respiration in two subarctic vegetation types, Global Change Biology, vol.11, pp.465-475, 2005.

P. Y. Groisman and G. Gutman, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences, 2012.

P. Y. Groisman, T. A. Blyakharchuk, A. V. Chernokulsky, M. M. Arzhanov, L. B. Marchesini et al., Climate changes in Siberia, Regional Environmental Changes in Siberia and Their Global Consequences. Chap, vol.3, pp.57-109, 2012.

S. Güsewell, N : P ratios in terrestrial plants: variation and functional significance, New Phytologist, vol.164, pp.243-266, 2004.

M. E. Harmon, W. L. Silver, B. Fasth, H. Chen, I. C. Burke et al., Long-term patterns of mass loss during the decomposition of leaf and fine root litter: an intersite comparison, Global Change Biology, vol.15, pp.1320-1338, 2009.

W. S. Harpole, J. T. Ngai, E. E. Cleland, E. W. Seabloom, E. T. Borer et al., Nutrient co-limitation of primary producer communities, Ecology Letters, vol.14, pp.852-862, 2011.

S. Hättenschwiler and P. Gasser, Soil animals alter plant litter diversity effects on decomposition, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol.102, issue.5, pp.1519-1524, 2005.

S. Hättenschwiler, A. V. Tiunov, and S. Scheu, Biodiversity and Litter Decomposition in Terrestrial Ecosystems, Evolution, and Systematics, vol.36, issue.1, pp.191-218, 2005.

P. Hatton, M. Kleber, B. Zeller, C. Moni, A. F. Plante et al., Transfer of litter-derived N to soil mineral-organic associations: Evidence from decadal 15N tracer experiments, Organic Geochemistry, vol.42, pp.1489-1501, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02649323

P. Hatton, L. Remusat, B. Zeller, E. A. Brewer, and D. Derrien, NanoSIMS investigation of glycine-derived C and N retention with soil organo-mineral associations, Biogeochemistry, vol.125, pp.303-313, 2015.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01218462

H. A. Henry, Soil freeze-thaw cycle experiments: Trends, methodological weaknesses and suggested improvements, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.39, pp.977-986, 2007.

. Ipcc, Climate Change 2013 -The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment, 2013.

T. Stocker, D. Qin, G. Plattner, M. Tignor, S. Allen et al., , 1535.

C. Kampichler and A. Bruckner, The role of microarthropods in terrestrial decomposition: a meta-analysis of 40 years of litterbag studies, Biological Reviews, vol.84, pp.375-389, 2009.

S. Kemmitt, C. Lanyon, I. Waite, Q. Wen, T. Addiscott et al., Mineralization of native soil organic matter is not regulated by the size, activity or composition of the soil microbial biomass-a new perspective, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.40, pp.61-73, 2008.

M. Kleber, P. Sollins, and R. Sutton, A conceptual model of organo-mineral interactions in soils: self-assembly of organic molecular fragments into zonal structures on mineral surfaces, Biogeochemistry, vol.85, issue.1, pp.9-24, 2007.

J. Kreyling, D. Per?oh, S. Werner, M. Benzenberg, and J. Wöllecke, Short-term impacts of soil freeze-thaw cycles on roots and root-associated fungi of Holcus lanatus and Calluna vulgaris, Plant and Soil, vol.353, issue.1-2, pp.19-31, 2012.

Y. Kuzyakov and X. Xu, Competition between roots and microorganisms for nitrogen: mechanisms and ecological relevance, New Phytologist, vol.198, pp.656-669, 2013.

P. Lavelle and A. V. Spain, Soil Ecology, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00455666

J. Lehmann and M. Kleber, The contentious nature of soil organic matter, Nature, 2015.

W. M. Lewis and M. C. Grant, Relationships between Snow Cover and Winter Losses of Dissolved Substances from a Mountain Watershed, Arctic and Alpine Research, vol.12, p.11, 1980.

D. A. Lipson, S. K. Schmidt, and R. K. Monson, Links between Microbial Population Dynamics and Nitrogen Availability in an Alpine Ecosystem, Ecology, vol.80, p.1623, 1999.

S. Mambelli, J. A. Bird, G. Gleixner, T. E. Dawson, and M. S. Torn, Relative contribution of foliar and fine root pine litter to the molecular composition of soil organic matter after in situ degradation, Organic Geochemistry, 2011.

M. A. Mast, K. P. Wickland, R. T. Striegl, and D. W. Clow, Winter fluxes of CO 2 and CH4 from subalpine soils in Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.12, pp.607-620, 1998.

J. A. Mckeague and J. H. Day, Dithionite and oxalate-extractable Fe and Al as aids in differentiating various classes of soils, Canadian Journal of Soil Science, vol.46, pp.13-22, 1966.

R. Mikutta, G. E. Schaumann, D. Gildemeister, S. Bonneville, M. G. Kramer et al., Biogeochemistry of mineral-organic associations across a long-term mineralogical soil gradient (0.3-4100kyr), Hawaiian References Islands, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, vol.73, pp.2034-2060, 2009.

M. J. Mitchell, C. T. Driscoll, J. S. Kahl, P. S. Murdoch, and L. H. Pardo, Climatic Control of Nitrate Loss from Forested Watersheds in the Northeast United States. Environmental Science and Technology 30, vol.8, pp.2609-2612, 1996.

R. K. Monson, S. P. Burns, M. W. Williams, A. C. Delany, M. Weintraub et al., The contribution of beneath-snow soil respiration to total ecosystem respiration in a high-elevation, subalpine forest, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, vol.20, 2006.

R. K. Monson, D. L. Lipson, S. P. Burns, A. A. Turnipseed, A. C. Delany et al., Winter forest soil respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition, Nature, vol.439, pp.711-714, 2006.

D. Muhs, Loess deposits, origins and properties, Encyclopedia of Quaternary Science, pp.1405-1418, 2007.

T. Näsholm, K. Kielland, and U. Ganeteg, Uptake of organic nitrogen by plants, New Phytologist, vol.182, pp.31-48, 2009.

C. B. Nielsen, P. M. Groffman, S. P. Hamburg, C. T. Driscoll, T. J. Fahey et al., Freezing Effects on Carbon and Nitrogen Cycling in Northern Hardwood Forest Soils, Soil Science Society of America Journal, vol.65, p.1723, 2001.

D. M. Orcutt and E. T. Nilsen, The Physiology of Plants Under Stress: Soil and Biotic Factors, 2000.

G. H. Osler and M. Sommerkorn, Toward a complete soil C and N cycle: Incorporating the soil fauna, Ecology, vol.88, pp.1611-1621, 2007.

R. Pena, J. Tejedor, B. Zeller, M. Dannenmann, and A. Polle, Interspecific temporal and spatial differences in the acquisition of litter-derived nitrogen by ectomycorrhizal fungal assemblages, New Phytologist, vol.2, pp.520-528, 0199.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02646425

N. E. Peters and G. H. Leavesley, Biotic and abiotic processes controlling water chemistry during snowmelt at rabbit ears pass, A. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, vol.79, issue.1-4, 1995.

C. E. Prescott, Litter decomposition: what controls it and how can we alter it to sequester more carbon in forest soils?, Biogeochemistry, vol.101, issue.1-3, pp.133-149, 2010.

. R-core-team, R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, 2015.

A. J. Rawlins, I. D. Bull, P. Ineson, and R. P. Evershed, Stabilisation of soil organic matter in invertebrate faecal pellets through leaf litter grazing, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.39, pp.1202-1205, 2007.

T. Repo, S. Sirkiä, J. Heinonen, A. Lavigné, M. Roitto et al., Effects of frozen soil on growth and longevity of fine roots of Norway spruce, Forest Ecology and Management, vol.313, pp.112-122, 2014.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01197623

S. Rouifed, I. T. Handa, J. David, and S. Hättenschwiler, The importance of biotic factors in predicting global change effects on decomposition of temperate forest leaf litter, Oecologia, vol.163, pp.247-256, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/halsde-00505392

J. P. Schimel and J. Bennett, Nitrogen mineralization: Challenges of a changing paradigm, Ecology, vol.85, pp.591-602, 2004.

M. W. Schmidt, M. S. Torn, S. Abiven, T. Dittmar, G. Guggenberger et al., Persistence of soil organic matter as an ecosystem property, Nature, vol.478, pp.49-56, 2011.

S. D. Sebestyen, E. W. Boyer, J. B. Shanley, C. Kendall, D. H. Doctor et al., Sources, transformations, and hydrological processes that control stream nitrate and dissolved organic matter concentrations during snowmelt in an upland forest, Water Resources Research, vol.44, 2008.

J. O. Sickman, A. Leydecker, C. C. Chang, C. Kendall, J. M. Melack et al., Mechanisms underlying export of N from high-elevation catchments during seasonal transitions, Biogeochemistry, vol.64, p.1024928317057, 2003.

T. V. St-john, Influence of litterbags on growth of fungal vegetative structures, Oecologia, vol.46, pp.130-132, 1980.

H. Staaf, Release of plant nutrients from decomposing leaf litter in a South Swedish beech forest, Ecography, vol.3, pp.129-136, 1980.

G. Tierney, T. Fahey, P. Groffman, J. Hardy, R. Fitzhugh et al., Soil freezing alters fine root dynamics in a northern hardwood forest, Biogeochemistry, vol.56, pp.175-190, 2001.

P. B. Tinker and P. H. Nye, Solute Movement in the Rhizosphere, vol.370, 2000.

J. A. Trofymow, T. R. Moore, B. Titus, C. Prescott, I. Morrison et al., Rates of litter decomposition over 6 years in Canadian forests: influence of litter quality and climate, Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol.32, pp.789-804, 2002.

A. Versini, B. Zeller, D. Derrien, J. Mazoumbou, L. Mareschal et al., The role of harvest residues to sustain tree growth and soil nitrogen stocks in a tropical Eucalyptus plantation, Plant and Soil, vol.376, issue.1-2, pp.245-260, 2013.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02631725

I. Virto, P. Barré, and C. Chenu, Microaggregation and organic matter storage at the silt-size scale, Geoderma, vol.146, issue.1-2, pp.326-335, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/bioemco-00453819

P. M. Vitousek, S. Porder, B. Z. Houlton, and O. A. Chadwick, Terrestrial phosphorus limitation: mechanisms, implications, and nitrogen-phosphorus interactions, Ecological Applications, vol.20, pp.5-15, 2010.

M. Von-lützow, I. Kögel-knabner, K. Ekschmitt, E. Matzner, G. Guggenberger et al., Stabilization of organic matter in temperate soils: mechanisms and their relevance under different soil conditions -a review, European Journal of Soil Science, vol.57, pp.426-445, 2006.

D. H. Wall, M. A. Bradford, . St, M. G. John, J. A. Trofymow et al., Global decomposition experiment shows soil animal impacts on decomposition are climate-dependent, Global Change Biology, pp.2661-2677, 2008.

M. D. Wallenstein, S. K. Mcmahon, and J. P. Schimel, Seasonal variation in enzyme activities and temperature sensitivities in Arctic tundra soils, Global Change Biology, vol.15, pp.1631-1639, 2009.

W. Wang, S. Peng, T. Wang, and J. Fang, Winter soil CO 2 efflux and its contribution to annual soil respiration in different ecosystems of a forest-steppe ecotone, north China, Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol.42, pp.451-458, 2010.

V. Wolters, Invertebrate control of soil organic matter stability, Biology and Fertility of Soils, vol.31, pp.1-19, 2000.

B. Zeller, M. Colin-belgrand, E. Dambrine, M. , and F. , Fate of nitrogen released from 15N-labeled litter in European beech forests, Tree Physiology, vol.21, issue.2-3, pp.153-162, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02673183

B. Zeller, M. Colin-belgrand, E. Dambrine, F. Martin, and P. Bottner, Decomposition of 15N-labelled beech litter and fate of nitrogen derived from litter in a beech forest, Oecologia, vol.123, pp.550-559, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02697907

B. Zeller, M. Colin-belgrand, É. Dambrine, M. , and F. , 15N partitioning and production of 15N-labelled litter in beech trees following [15N]urea spray, Annals of Forest Science, vol.55, pp.375-383, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883208