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, Présence et persistance du CSD dans les populations d'hyménoptères parasitoïdes

D. Heimpel, ;. Boer, and . Asplen, Certains groupes de parasitoïdes présentent des mécanismes de détermination du sexe alternatifs, généralement mal connus mais suggérant que l'évolution vers un autre mécanisme est possible, Quel que soit l'effet du CSD sur la démographie des parasitoïdes, son effet délétère sur la fitness individuelle est loin d'être négligeable, 2006.

. Van-wilgenburg, ) a rassemblé les différents traits d'histoires de vie qui permettent de limiter la production de mâles diploïdes et donc les effets du CSD. Certains sont présents ou pourraient apparaître chez les parasitoïdes: 1. L'évitement des accouplements entre apparentés, notamment à travers le choix de partenaire, la dispersion post-natale, et la ségrégation temporelle entre la production et/ou l'émergence des mâles et des femelles. Ces comportements existent chez les parasitoïdes (Hardy, 1994; Ode and Hardy, 1995; Godfray, 1994), mais ne sont efficaces que lorsque la diversité génétique est relativement importante dans la population (article 6). De plus, ces caractéristiques ne sont pas systématiques puisque certaines espèces de parasitoïdes s'accouplent principalement entre apparentés malgré la présence du CSD, Echapper aux conséquences du CSD Il n'est peut être pas nécessaire de changer de mode de détermination du sexe pour atténuer l'impact du CSD, 2006.

. Van-wilgenburg, Il n'y a cependant aucune indication qu'une femelle hyménoptère soit capable d'inactiver le génome paternel ou de détruire spécifiquement ses oeufs homozygotes au locus du csd, ou l'oeuf peut être détruit afin de réemployer ses ressources ou l'hôte dans lequel il était pondu, 1994.

. De-boer, Même dans le cas de locii indépendants, le ml-CSD pose deux problèmes : -Si la dépression de consanguinité est très forte et que tous les locii sauf un sont fixés, le ml-CSD devient sl-CSD, un point que nous avons déjà évoqué. Son avantage dépend donc d'une dépression de consanguinité modérée, La multiplicité des locus du csd (ml-CSD). Le ml-CSD permet une plus faible production de mâles diploïdes que le sl-CSD, et plusieurs auteurs ont suggéré qu'il s'agissait d'une adaptation évolutive aux effets du CSD, 1971.

. Asplen, L'évolution du gène csd chez les abeilles suggère que ml-CSD pourrait avoir été antérieur au sl-CSD, la multiplicité des locus ayant ensuite été perdue par dérive, La phylogénie des hyménoptères ne permet pas de trancher sur l'ancestralité du ml-CSD ou du sl-CSD, 2009.

C. Le, Une possible hypothèse serait donc que la production de mâles diploïdes chez les hyménoptères parasitoïdes est une "erreur" évolutive en passe d'être corrigée. Très peu d'auteurs se sont intéressés aux possibles avantages sélectifs du CSD, et ce il me semble pour deux raisons: 1) au premier abord, rien ne semble venir compenser la mort certaine de la moitié des femelles viables

;. Pourtant and . Charlesworth, Lorsque deux gamètes incompatibles se rencontrent, la fécondation n'est pas réalisée et l'autoincompatibilité n'entraîne donc pas la production d'individus non viables, contrairement au CSD. Cependant, lorsque les partenaires sexuels sont rares, l'auto-incompatibilité peut empêcher la fertilisation des gamètes (ce qui revient à les perdre) et donc avoir un coût similaire voir supérieur au CSD. La réduction de la taille de la population, en induisant une diminution du nombre de partenaires sexuels et de la diversité génétique, CSD est fonctionnellement très similaire aux gènes d'auto-incompatibilité largement présents chez les plantes, et dont on sait qu'il sont apparus à plusieurs reprises, 2005.

, Comme c'est bien souvent le cas quand on s'attaque à un problème, les points sur lesquels nous nous sommes penchés soulèvent plus de questions qu'ils n'en résolvent. Lorsque j'ai débuté ma thèse, nous avions l'à-priori suivant: "chez les parasitoïdes, le CSD va être particulièrement délétère, surtout chez les populations cycliques puisqu'elles perdent leur diversité génétique à chaque cycle". Ce préjugé, qui s'est par la suite avéré être complètement faux, illustre bien la facilité avec laquelle on peut commettre des erreurs en inférant l'impact d'un phénomène dans une population en interaction à

, et en particulier des parasitoïdes? Quel est l'impact d'un tel fardeau chez l'hôte, chez le prédateur, dans d'autres formes d'interactions, sur l'évolution de ces interactions? Autant de questions dont les réponses permettraient de mieux comprendre le monde qui nous entoure et les lois qui le dessinent, L'effet du CSD est-il généralisable à celui d'un fardeau génétique? Quel est le rôle du fardeau génétique dans l'évolution des hyménoptères

, Il leur manque une multitude de dimensions qui permettraient de mieux décrire la population de parasitoïdes, mais également l'appui d'études empiriques qui permettraient d'évaluer leur valeur. Rien ne peut remplacer l'étude des populations naturelles, et la modélisation n'a pas cette ambition. Par ce travail, j'espère proposer des hypothèses plausibles sur les mécanismes qui participent à l'extinction

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, Autres Sports pratiqués: Parapente, rock 'n' roll, karaté, randonnée. Activités : Aquarelle, chorale