J. M. Elsen, Méthodes de détection : approche multiQTL. Séminaire, Séance 1 : Méthodes de détection, pp.11-21, 2001.

O. Filangi, C. Moreno, H. Gilbert, A. Legarra, P. Le-roy et al., QTLMap, a Software for QTL Detection in Outbred Populations, Proc. 9th World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod, p.787, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01193540

V. Fillon, M. Vignoles, R. P. Crooijmans, M. A. Groenen, R. Zoorob et al., Fish mapping of 57 bac clones reveals strong conservation of synteny between galliformes and anseriformes, Anim Genet, vol.38, pp.303-307, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02654510

Y. Gao, Z. Q. Du, W. H. Wei, X. J. Yu, X. M. Deng et al., Mapping quantitative trait loci regulating chicken body composition traits, Anim. Genet, vol.40, pp.952-954, 2009.

H. Gilbert, P. , and L. Roy, Comparison of three multi-traits methods for QTL detection, Genet. Sel. Evol, vol.35, pp.281-304, 2003.

H. Gilbert, P. Le-roy, C. Moreno, D. Robelin, and J. M. Elsen, QTLMAP, a software for QTL detection in outbred population, Ann. Hum. Genet, vol.72, issue.5, p.694, 2008.

B. Goffinet, P. Le-roy, D. Boichard, J. M. Elsen, and B. Mangin, Alternative models for QTL detection in livestock. III. Heteroskedastic model and models corresponding to several distributions of the QTL effect, Genet. Sel. Evol, vol.31, pp.341-350, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00490772

P. Green, K. Falls, and S. Crooks, Documentation for CRIMAP, 1990.

Z. L. Hu, C. A. Park, E. R. Fritz, and J. M. Reecy, QTLdb: A Comprehensive Database Tool Building Bridges between Genotypes and Phenotypes, Proc. 9th, 2010.

, World Congr. Genet. Appl. Livest. Prod

Y. Huang, C. S. Haley, F. Wu, S. Hu, J. Hao et al., Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting carcass and meat quality traits in Beijing ducks (Anas platyrhynchos), Anim. Genet, vol.38, pp.114-119, 2007.

Y. Huang, C. S. Haley, S. Hu, J. Hao, C. Wu et al., Detection of quantitative trait loci for body weights and conformation traits in Beijing ducks, Anim. Genet, vol.38, pp.525-526, 2007.

M. Kileh-wais and J. M. Elsen, QTL detection from regression analysis of "generalized de-regressed proof" information, J. Anim. Breed. Genet, 2012.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02651836

S. A. Knott, J. M. Elsen, and C. S. Haley, Methods for multiple marker mapping of quantitative trait loci in half-sib populations, Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.93, pp.71-80, 1996.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02688474

E. S. Lander and D. Botstein, Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using RFLP linkage maps, Genetics, vol.121, pp.185-199, 1989.

M. Lillehammer, B. J. Hayes, T. H. Meuwissen, and M. E. Goddard, Gene by environment interactions for production traits in Australian dairy cattle, J. Dairy Sci, vol.92, pp.4008-4017, 2009.

A. F. Mcrae, S. C. Bishop, G. A. Walling, A. D. Wilson, and P. M. Visscher, Mapping of Multiple Quantitative Trait Loci for Growth and Carcass Traits in a Complex Commercial Sheep Pedigree, Anim. Sci, vol.80, pp.135-141, 2005.

C. Marie-etancelin, K. Feve, C. Genet, G. Cardinet, F. Vignoles et al., Microsatellite DNA markers for duck (Anas platyrhynchos and Cairina moschata), Symp. Scientific Cooperation in Agriculture between COA (Tainan) and INRA, pp.165-168, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02757574

C. Marie-etancelin, H. Chapuis, J. M. Brun, C. Larzul, M. M. Richard et al., Genetics and selection of mule ducks in France: a review, World Poult. Sci. J, vol.64, pp.187-207, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02663096

C. Marie-etancelin, B. Basso, S. Davail, K. Gontier, X. Fernandez et al., Genetic parameters of product quality and hepatic metabolism in fattened mule ducks, J. Anim. Sci, vol.89, issue.3, pp.669-679, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02652266

K. Maruyama, M. K. Akbar, and C. M. Turk, Growth pattern and carcase development in male ducks selected for growth rate, Br. Poult. Sci, vol.40, pp.233-239, 1999.

K. Maruyama, B. Vinyard, M. K. Akbar, D. J. Shafer, and C. M. Turk, Growth curve analyses in selected duck lines, Br. Poult. Sci, vol.42, pp.574-582, 2001.

J. Nadaf, H. Gilbert, F. Pitel, C. Berri, K. Feve et al., Identification of QTL controlling meat quality traits in an F2 cross between two chicken lines selected for either low or high growth rate, BMC Genomics, vol.8, pp.155-162, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02662011

J. Nadaf, F. Pitel, H. , M. J. Duclos, F. Vignoles et al., QTL for several metabolic traits map to loci controlling growth and body composition in an F2 intercross between high-and low-growth chicken lines, Physiol. Genomics, vol.38, pp.241-249, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01193471

H. B. Park, L. Jacobsson, P. Wahlberg, P. B. Siegel, and L. Andersson, QTL analysis of body composition and metabolic traits in an intercross between lines divergently selected for growth, Physiol. Genomics, vol.25, pp.216-223, 2006.

D. L. Roldan, A. M. Dodero, F. Bidinost, H. R. Taddeo, D. Allain et al., Merino sheep: a further look at quantitative trait loci for wool production, Animal, vol.4, pp.1330-1340, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02666379

R. Rouvier, G. Guy, D. Rousselot-paillet, and B. Poujardieu, Genetic parameters from factorial cross breeding in two duck strains (Anas platyrhyncos) Brown Tsaiya and Pekin, for growth and fatty liver traits, Br. Poult. Sci, vol.35, pp.509-517, 1994.

. Sas, SAS version 9.1.3 SAS Inst. Inc, 2002.

M. Siwek, S. J. Cornelissen, A. J. Buitenhuis, M. G. Nieuwland, H. Bovenhuis et al., Quantitative trait loci for body weight in layers differ from quantitative trait loci specific for antibody responses to sheep red blood cells, Poult. Sci, vol.83, pp.853-861, 2004.

B. M. Skinner, L. B. Robertson, H. G. Tempest, E. J. Langley, D. Ioannou et al., Comparative genomics in chicken and Pekin duck using FISH mapping and microarray analysis, BMC Genomics, vol.10, pp.357-367, 2009.

L. Théron, X. Fernandez, N. Marty-gasset, C. Pichereaux, M. Rossignol et al., Identification by proteomic analysis of early post mortem markers involved in the variability in fat loss during cooking of mule duck 'foie gras, J. Agric. Food Chem, vol.59, pp.12617-12628, 2011.

Z. G. Vitezica, C. Marie-etancelin, M. D. Bernadet, X. Fernandez, and C. Robert-granie, Comparison of nonlinear and spline regression models for describing mule duck growth curves, Poult. Sci, vol.89, pp.1778-1784, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02660759

P. Wahlberg, O. Carlborg, M. Foglio, X. Tortoir, A. C. Syvänen et al., Genetic analysis of an F(2) intercross between two chicken lines divergently selected for body-weight, BMC Genomics, vol.10, pp.248-260, 2009.

J. L. Weller, Y. Kashi, and M. Soller, Power of daughter and granddaughter designs for determining linkage between marker loci and quantitative trait loci in dairy cattle, J. Dairy Sci, vol.73, pp.2525-2537, 1990.

D. Wright, S. Kerje, K. Lundström, J. Babol, K. Schütz et al., Quantitative trait loci analysis of egg and meat production traits in a red junglefowl x white leghorn cross, Anim. Genet, vol.37, pp.529-534, 2006.

M. H. Ye, J. L. Chen, G. P. Zhao, M. Q. Zheng, and J. Wen, Associations of A-FABP and H-FABP markers with the content of intramuscular fat in Beijing-you Chicken, Anim. Biotech, vol.21, pp.14-24, 2010.

H. Zhou, C. M. Evock-clover, J. P. Mcmurtry, C. M. Ashwell, and S. J. Lamont, Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. IV. Metabolic traits, Poult. Sci, vol.86, p.136, 2007.

B. Abasht, J. C. Dekkers, and S. J. Lamont, Review of quantitative trait loci identified in the chicken, Poultry Science, vol.85, pp.2079-2096, 2006.

L. Almasy and J. Blangero, Multipoint quantitative-trait linkage analysis in general pedigrees, Am. J. Hum. Genet, vol.62, pp.1198-1211, 1998.

M. Ambo, A. S. Moura, M. C. Ledur, L. F. Pinto, E. E. Baron et al., Quantitative trait loci for performance traits in a broiler × layer cross, Animal Genetics, vol.40, pp.200-208, 2009.

G. Atzmon, S. Blum, M. Feldman, A. Cahaner, U. Lavi et al., QTLs detected in a multigenerational resource chicken population, Journal of Heredity, vol.99, pp.528-538, 2008.

G. Atzmon, S. Blum, M. Feldman, U. Lavi, and J. Hillel, Detection of agriculturally important QTLs in chickens and analysis of the factors affecting genotyping strategy, Cytogenetic and Genome Research, vol.117, pp.327-337, 2007.

R. Babilé, La production de foie gras de canards de barbarie (cairina moschata, Aspects génétiques, nutritionnels et technologiques. Institut polytechnique de Toulouse, p.315, 1989.

R. Babilé, G. Matheron, and B. Poujardieu, La production de foie gras de canards mâles de barbarie. Relation entre la croissance et la production de foie, Ann Zootech, vol.37, pp.219-252, 1988.

E. Baéza, N. Rideau, P. Chartrin, S. Davail, R. Hoo-paris et al., Canards de barbarie, pékin et leurs hybrides : Aptitude à l'engraissement, INRA Production Animale, vol.18, pp.131-141, 2005.

E. Baeza, M. R. Salichon, G. Marche, and H. Juin, Effet du sexe sur la croissance et sur les caractéristiques technologiques et sensorielles du pectoralis major (filet) chez le canard de barbarie, 2èmes Journées de la Recherche Avicole, pp.191-194, 1997.

E. Baéza, J. Williams, D. Guémené, and M. Duclos, Sexual dimorphism for growth in muscovy ducks and changes in insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i), growth hormone (gh) and triiodothyronine (t3) plasma levels, Reprod. Nutr. Dev, vol.41, pp.173-179, 2001.

J. M. Brun and C. Larzul, Inheritance of reproductive traits of female common ducks (anas platyrhynchos) in pure breeding and in inter-generic crossbreeding with muscovy ducks (cairina moschata), British Poultry Science, vol.44, pp.40-45, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02674486

J. M. Brun, M. M. Richard, C. Marie-etancelin, R. Rouvier, and C. Larzul, Le canard mulard : Déterminisme génétique d'un hybride intergénérique, INRA Prod. Anim, vol.18, pp.295-308, 2005.

J. M. Brun, N. Sellier, Y. H. Hu, and R. Rouvier, Fertility and embryonic mortality in the intergeneric cross between the common duck and the muscovy duck: Candling vs. Opening the eggs, 1st World Conf. Waterfowl pp, pp.193-198, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02770765

A. J. Buitenhuis, T. B. Rodenburg, Y. M. Van-hierden, M. Siwek, S. J. Cornelissen et al., Erratum to "Mapping quantitative trait loci affecting feather pecking behavior and stress response in laying hens, Poultry Science, vol.85, pp.1115-1116, 2006.

R. L. Campos, K. Nones, M. C. Ledur, A. S. Moura, L. F. Pinto et al., Quantitative trait loci associated with fatness in a broiler-layer cross, Animal Genetics, vol.40, pp.729-736, 2009.

O. Carlborg, L. Andersson, and B. P. Kinghorn, The use of a genetic algorithm for simultaneous mapping of multiple interacting quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.155, pp.2003-2010, 2000.

O. Carlborg, S. Kerje, K. Schütz, L. Jacobsson, P. Jensen et al., A global search reveals epistatic interaction between qtl for early growth in the chicken, Genome Research, vol.13, pp.413-421, 2003.

J. Castaing, J. Albar, and J. F. Serin, Valorisation par le porc charcutier de coproduits d'industries agro-alimentaires du sud de la france : Farine de maïserie, remoulage demi-blanc, farine basse de rizJournées Rech, pp.223-230, 1995.

H. Chapuis and C. Larzul, Comment estimer simultanément les paramètres génétiques des caractères de gavage dans les deux lignées parentales du mulard en vue d'une sélection plus efficace ? JRPFG, pp.18-19, 2006.

P. Chartrin, A. Schiavone, M. D. Bernadet, G. Guy, J. Mourot et al., Effet du génotype et du gavage sur les dépôts de lipides intramusculaires dans le filet de canard. 6e Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, pp.49-52, 2004.

G. Churchill and R. Doerge, Empirical threshold values for quantitative trait mapping, Genetics, vol.138, pp.963-971, 1994.

D. Hirwa, C. Yan, W. Wallace, P. Nie, Q. Luo et al., Effects of the thyroid hormone responsive spot 14? gene on chicken growth and fat traits, Poultry Science, vol.89, 1981.

A. Darvasi, A. Weinreb, V. Minke, J. I. Weller, and M. Soller, Detecting marker-QTL linkage and estimating QTL gene effect and map location using a saturated genetic map, Genetics, vol.134, pp.943-951, 1993.

A. Darvasi, Experimental strategies for the genetic dissection of complex traits in animal models, Nat Genet, vol.18, pp.19-24, 1998.

S. Davail, N. Rideau, G. Guy, J. André, D. Hermier et al., Hormonal and metabolic responses to overfeeding in three genotypes of ducks, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology -Part A: Molecular and Integrative Physiology, vol.134, pp.707-715, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01702605

S. Dufour, T. Durand, J. L. Gallis, A. Vuillaume, and P. Canioni, Étude par rmn à basse résolution du foie gras de canard mulard : Application à la mesure du taux de fonte1ère journée de la Recherche sur les palmipèdes à foies gras, 1993.

F. Duhart, Pour une ethnozoologie historique des palmipèdes en Europe : la naissance du foie gras moderne (XVIe-XIXe s.). 6e Journ. Rech. Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, pp.9-12, 2004.

J. M. Elsen, B. Mangin, B. Goffinet, D. Boichard, and P. Le-roy, Alternative models for QTL detection in livestock. I General introduction, Genet. Sel. Evol, vol.31, pp.213-224, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00490772

J. M. Faure, D. Guémené, and G. Guy, Is there avoidance of the force feeding of ducks and geese?, Anim. Res, vol.50, pp.157-164, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00889846

O. Filangi, C. Moreno, H. Gilbert, A. Legarra, P. Le-roy et al., , 2010.

. Qtlmap, Software for QTL Detection in Outbred Populations, Proceedings of the 9th WCGALP, pp.1-6

V. Fillon, M. Vignoles, A. Garrigues, R. P. Croojmans, M. A. Groenen et al., Comparative avian cytogenetics : Establishment of chromosome correspondence by fluorescent in situ hybridisation, British Poultry Science, vol.42, pp.23-24, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02680822

J. L. Foulley, D. Gianola, and R. Thompson, Prediction of genetic merit from data on binary and quantitative variates with an application to calving difficulty, birth weight and pelvic opening, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.15, pp.401-424, 1983.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00893577

Y. Gao, Z. Q. Du, W. H. Wei, X. J. Yu, X. M. Deng et al., Mapping quantitative trait loci regulating chicken body composition traits, Animal Genetics, vol.40, pp.952-954, 2009.

M. S. Genizi, The efficiency of experimental designs for the detection of linkage between a marker locus and a locus affecting a quantitative trait in segregating populations, Biometrics, vol.34, pp.47-55, 1978.

A. W. George, P. M. Visscher, and C. Haley, Mapping quantitative trait loci in complex pedigrees: a two-step variance component approach, Genetics, vol.156, pp.2081-2092, 2000.

G. Gibson and S. V. Muse, , 2004.

H. Gilbert, L. Roy, and P. , Comparison of three multitrait methods for QTL detection, EAAP, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02830989

H. Gilbert, Multidimensionnalité pour la détection de gènes influençant des caractères quantitatifs. Application à l'espèce porcine. Institut National Agronomique Paris-Grignon, p.188, 2003.

H. Gilbert, L. Roy, and P. , Comparison of three multitrait methods for QTL detection, Genet. Sel. Evol, vol.35, pp.281-304, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02830989

H. Gilbert and P. Le-roy, Methods for the detection of multiple linked QTL applied to a mixture of full and half sib families, Genet. Sel. Evol, vol.39, pp.139-158, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02654072

U. Gille and F. V. Salomon, Heart and body growth in ducks, Growth Dev. Aging, vol.58, pp.75-81, 1994.

B. Goffinet, P. Le-roy, D. Boichard, J. M. Elsen, and B. Mangin, Alternative models for QTL detection in livestock. III.Heteroskedastic model and models corresponding to several distributions of the QTL effects, Genetic Selection Evolution, vol.31, pp.341-350, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00490772

P. Green, K. Falls, and S. Crooks, CRI-MAP Documentation, 1990.

D. Guémené and G. Guy, The past, present and future of forcefeeding and "foie gras" production. World's Poultry Science, vol.60, pp.211-222, 2004.

D. Guémené, G. Guy, L. Mirabito, J. Sevère, and J. Faure, Bien-être et élevage des palmipèdes, INRA Prod. Anim, vol.20, pp.53-58, 2007.

D. Guémené, H. Chapuis, M. Boulay, and M. Garreau-mills, Plasma corticosterone levels in male chickens from two divergently selected lines for featherpecking11th European Poultry Conference, 2002.

G. Guy, D. Rousselot-pailley, and D. Gourichon, Comparaison des performances de l'oie, du canard mulard et du canard de barbarie soumis au gavage, Ann. Zootech, vol.44, pp.297-305, 1995.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00889185

G. Guy, D. Hermier, S. Davail, M. Bely, J. M. André et al., Meat production and force-feeding ability of different types of ducks, 1st World Waterfowl Conference, pp.462-468, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02768451

D. Gianola and J. L. Foulley, Sire evaluation for ordered categorical data with a threshold model, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.15, pp.201-224, 1983.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00893566

C. A. Hackett and W. J. , Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci for traits with ordinal distributions, Biometrics, vol.51, pp.1252-1263, 1995.

J. B. Haldane, The combination of linkage values and the calculation of distance between the loci of linked factors, J. Genetics, vol.8, pp.299-309, 1919.

C. S. Haley and S. A. Knott, A simple regression method for mapping quantitative trait loci in line crosses using flanking markers, Heredity, vol.69, pp.315-324, 1992.

C. S. Haley, S. A. Knott, and J. M. Elsen, Mapping quantitative trait loci in crosses between outbred lines using least squares, Genetics, vol.136, pp.1195-1207, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02709592

D. A. Harville, .. M. , and R. W. , A mixed model procedure for analyzing ordered categorical data, Biometrics, vol.40, pp.393-408, 1984.

D. Hermier, M. R. Salichan, G. Guy, R. Peresson, J. Mourot et al., La stéatose hépatique des palmipèdes gavés : Bases métaboliques et sensibilité génétique, INRA Production Animale, vol.12, pp.265-271, 1999.

Y. Hu, J. Poivey, R. Rouvier, S. Liu, and C. Tai, Heritabilities and genetic correlations of laying performance in Muscovy ducks selected in Taiwan, Br Poult Sci, vol.45, pp.180-185, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02673238

Y. H. Hu, J. P. Poivey, R. Rouvier, C. T. Wang, and C. Tai, Heritabilities and genetic correlations of body weights and feather length in growing Muscovy selected in Taïwan, Br. Poult. Sci, vol.40, pp.605-612, 1999.

Y. Huang, C. S. Haley, S. Hu, J. Hao, C. Wu et al., Detection of quantitative trait loci for body weights and conformation traits in beijing ducks, Animal Genetics, vol.38, pp.525-526, 2007.

Y. Huang, C. S. Haley, F. Wu, S. Hu, J. Hao et al., Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting carcass and meat quality traits in beijing ducks (anas platyrhynchos), Animal Genetics, vol.38, pp.114-119, 2007.

B. Imbert, Comparaison génétique des caractéristiques biochimiques du magret de canard, p.63, 2002.

L. Jacobsson, H. Park, P. Wahlberg, R. Fredriksson, M. Perez-enciso et al., Many qtls with minor additive effects are associated with a large difference in growth between two selection lines in chickens, Genetical Research, p.86, 2005.

J. Jamrozik, L. R. Schaeffer, E. B. Burnside, and B. P. Sullivan, Threshold models applied to holstein conformation traits, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.74, pp.3196-3201, 1991.

D. G. Jennen, A. L. Vereijken, H. Bovenhuis, R. P. Crooijmans, A. Veenendaal et al., Detection and localization of quantitative trait loci affecting fatness in broilers, Poultry Science, vol.83, pp.295-301, 2004.

P. Jensen, L. Keeling, K. Schütz, L. Andersson, P. Mormède et al., Feather pecking in chickens is genetically related to behavioural and developmental traits, Physiology & Behavior, vol.86, pp.52-60, 2005.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02683562

R. C. Jansen, A general mixture model for mapping quantitative trait loci by using molecular markers, Theor Appl Genet, vol.85, pp.252-260, 1992.

R. C. Jansen, Interval mapping of multiple quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.135, pp.205-211, 1993.

R. C. Jansen and P. Stam, High resolution of quantitative traits into multiple loci via interval mapping, Genetics, vol.136, pp.1447-1455, 1994.

R. C. Jansen, Controlling the type I and type II errors in mapping quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.138, pp.871-881, 1994.

R. C. Jansen, A general Monte Carlo method for mapping multiple quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.142, pp.305-311, 1996.

R. C. Jansen, D. L. Johnson, and J. A. Van-arendonk, A mixture model approach to the mapping of quantitative trait loci in complex populations with an application to multiple cattle families, Genetics, vol.148, pp.391-399, 1998.

C. Kao, Z. Zeng, and R. D. Teasdale, Multiple interval mapping for quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.152, pp.1203-1216, 1999.

S. J. Knapp, W. C. Bridges, J. Birkes, and D. , Mapping quantitative trait loci using molecular marker linkage maps, Theor Appl Genet, vol.79, pp.583-592, 1990.

H. Knizetova, J. Hyanek, L. Hyankova, and P. Belicek, Comparative study of growth curves in poultry, Genet. Sel. Evol, vol.27, pp.365-375, 1995.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894102

H. Knizetova, J. Hyanek, B. Knize, and H. Prochatzova, Analysis of growth curve of fowl, II. Ducks. Br. Poult. Sci, vol.22, pp.1027-1038, 1991.

S. Knott, J. Elsen, and C. Haley, Methods for multiple marker mapping of quantitative trait loci in half-sibs populations, Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.93, pp.71-80, 1996.

A. B. Korol, Y. I. Ronin, and V. M. Kirzhner, Interval mapping of quantitative trait loci employing correlated trait complexes, Genetics, vol.140, pp.1137-1147, 1995.

A. B. Korol, Y. I. Ronin, A. M. Itskovich, J. Peng, and E. Nevo, Enhanced efficiency of quantitative trait loci mapping analysis based on multivariate complexes of quantitative traits, Genetics, vol.175, pp.1789-1803, 1995.

D. D. Kosambi, The estimation of map distance from recombination values, Annals of Eugenics, vol.12, issue.3, pp.172-175, 1944.

E. S. Lander and D. Botstein, Mapping mendelian factors underlying quantitative traits using rflp linkage maps, Genetics, vol.121, pp.185-199, 1989.

E. S. Lander, P. Green, J. Abrahamson, A. Barlow, M. J. Daly et al., MAPMAKER : an interactive computer package for constructing primary genetic linkage maps of experimental and natural populations, Genomics, vol.1, pp.174-181, 1987.

C. Larzul, Paramètres génétiques du gavage dans une population de canards communs. 5è Journ. Rech. Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, pp.33-36, 2002.

C. Larzul, G. Guy, and M. D. Bernadet, Feed efficiency, growth and carcass traits in female mule ducks, Arch. Gefügelk, vol.6, pp.265-268, 2004.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02670450

C. Larzul, B. Imbert, M. Bernadet, G. Guy, and H. Rémignon, Meat quality in an intergeneric factorial crossbreeding between muscovy (cairina moschata) and pekin (anas platyrhynchos) ducks, Anim. Res, vol.55, pp.219-229, 2006.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00890062

L. Bihan-duval, E. Nadaf, J. Berri, C. Pitel, F. Graulet et al., Detection of a cis eqtl controlling BCMO1 gene expression leads to the identification of a qtg for chicken breast meat color, PLoS ONE, vol.6, p.14825, 2011.

L. Roy, P. Elsen, J. Boichard, D. Mangin, M. Bidanel et al., An algorithm for QTL detection in mixture of full and half sib families, 6th WCGALP. Armindale, vol.26, pp.257-260, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02769244

G. A. Léveille, D. R. Romsos, Y. Y. Yeh, and E. K. Hea, Lipid biosynthesis in the chick. A consideration of the site of synthesis, influence of diet and possible regulatory mechanisms, Poultry Sci, vol.54, pp.1075-7093, 1975.

X. Liu, H. Zhang, H. Li, N. Li, Y. Zhang et al., Fine-mapping quantitative trait loci for body weight and abdominal fat traits: Effects of marker density and sample size, Poultry Science, vol.87, pp.1314-1319, 2008.

Z. W. Luo and M. J. Kearsey, Maximum likelihood estimation of linkage between a marker gene and a quantitative locus, Heredity, vol.63, pp.401-408, 1989.

B. Mangin, P. Thoquet, and N. H. Grimsley, Pleiotropic QTL analysis, Biometrics, vol.54, pp.88-99, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02692954

B. Mangin, B. Goffinet, P. Le-roy, D. Boichard, and J. M. Elsen, Alternative models for QTL detection in livestock. II.Likelihood approximations and sire marker genotype estimations, Genetic Selection Evolution, vol.31, pp.225-237, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00490772

C. Marie-etancelin, B. Basso, S. Davail, K. Gontier, X. Fernandez et al., Genetic parameters of product quality and hepatic metabolism in fattened mule ducks, Journal of Animal Science, vol.89, pp.669-679, 2011.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02652266

C. Marie-etancelin, H. Chapuis, J. M. Brun, C. Larzul, M. M. Mialon-richard et al., Genetics and selection of mule ducks in France: A review, World's Poultry Science Journal, vol.64, pp.187-208, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02663096

C. Marie-etancelin, C. Larzul, M. M. Mialon-richard, and J. Brun, Génétique du canard mulard : Synthèse bibliographique 2-paramètres génétiques dans les populations parentales. 7èmes Journées de la Recherche sur les Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, 2006.

O. Martinez and R. N. Curnow, Estimating the locations and the sizes of the effects of quantitative trait loci using flanking markers, Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.85, pp.480-488, 1992.

K. Maruyama, M. K. Akbar, and C. M. Turk, Growth patterns and carcass development in male ducks selected for growth rate, Br. Poult. Sci, vol.40, pp.233-239, 1999.

L. Migliore, I. Romboli, and C. Fedeli-avanzi, Génétique du plumage du canard de barbarie (cairina moschata), Les colloques de l'INRA pp, pp.29-38, 1988.

S. Mignon-grasteau, C. Beaumont, J. Poivey, and H. De-rochambeau, Estimation of the genetic parameters of sexual dimorphism of body weight in 'label' chickens and muscovy ducks, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.30, pp.481-491, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894223

I. Misztal, Interbull Bull, vol.20, pp.33-42, 1999.

J. Nadaf, H. Gilbert, F. Pitel, C. Berri, K. Feve et al., Identification of qtl controlling meat quality traits in an f2 cross between two chicken lines selected for either low or high growth rate, BMC Genomics, vol.8, p.155, 2007.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02662011

J. Nadaf, F. D. Pitel, H. Gilbert, M. J. Duclos, F. Vignoles et al., Qtl for several metabolic traits map to loci controlling growth and body composition in an F2 intercross between high-and low-growth chicken lines, Physiological Genomics, vol.38, pp.241-249, 2009.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01193471

R. Nakamichi, Y. Ukai, and H. Kishino, Detection of closely linked multiple quantitative trait loci using a genetic algorithm, Genetics, vol.158, pp.463-475, 2001.

Q. Nie, M. Fang, L. Xie, X. Peng, H. Xu et al., Molecular characterization of the ghrelin and ghrelin receptor genes and effects on fat deposition in chicken and duck, Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, 2009.

J. Noirault, D. Guemene, G. Guy, and J. M. Faure, Corticosterone plasma concentration in male mule ducks: Effects of sampling sites, repeated samplings and acth injections, Br. Poult. Sci, vol.40, pp.304-308, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02685342

M. D. Olver, J. J. Preez, M. A. Kuyper, and D. J. Mould, The carcass composition and growth of the "mule" ducklings compared to purebred ducklings, Agroanimalia, vol.9, pp.7-12, 1977.

J. T. Ou, S. Q. Tang, D. X. Sun, and Y. Zhang, Polymorphisms of three neuroendocrine-correlated genes associated with growth and reproductive traits in the chicken, Poultry Science, vol.88, pp.722-727, 2009.

H. Park, L. Jacobsson, P. Wahlberg, P. B. Siegel, and L. Andersson, Qtl analysis of body composition and metabolic traits in an intercross between chicken lines divergently selected for growth, Physiological Genomics, vol.25, pp.216-223, 2006.

R. Pong-wong, A. W. George, J. A. Woolliams, and C. S. Haley, A simple and rapid method for calculating identity-by-descent matrices using multiple markers, Genet. Sel. Evol, vol.33, pp.453-471, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894384

B. Poujardieu, F. Guichard, and P. Laventure, Parametres genetiques de croissance et de gavage de la cane commune, Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.26, pp.463-472, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894045

T. S. Rabie, R. P. Crooijmans, H. Bovenhuis, A. L. Vereijken, T. Veenendaal et al., Genetic mapping of quantitative trait loci affecting susceptibility in chicken to develop pulmonary hypertension syndrome, Animal Genetics, vol.36, pp.468-476, 2005.

A. Rebaï, B. Goffinet, and B. Mangin, Comparing power of different methods for QTL detection, Biometrics, vol.51, pp.87-99, 1995.

N. Robin, R. Babilé, A. Peyhorgue, J. P. Dubois, and S. Leprettre, Facteurs de production et qualité des foies gras de canards et d'oies. 6èmes Journ. Rech. Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, pp.157-165, 2004.

Y. I. Ronin, V. M. Kirzhner, and A. B. Korol, Linkage between loci of quantitative traits and marker loci : multitrait analysis with a single marker, Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.90, pp.776-786, 1995.

R. Rouvier, L'amélioration génétique en france : Le contexte et les acteursles palmipèdes. INRA Prod. Anim., hors série, pp.39-43, 1992.

R. Rouvier, M. Mialon, F. Salzmann, B. Poujardieu, and R. Combebiac, Fertilité et éclosabilité des oeufs d'une souche de canes pékin (anas platyrhynchos) en croisement interspécifique avec le barbarie (cairina moschata) par insémination artificielle, Ann. Zootech, vol.37, pp.73-86, 1988.

R. Rouvier, J. J. Tai-lui, and C. Tai, L'insémination artificielle des canes communes pour la production de mulards à taïwan. La situation actuelle, Insémination artificielles et amélioration génétique : Bilan et perspectives critiques. Les colloques de l'INRA, vol.29, pp.360-367, 1984.

R. Rouvier, G. Guy, D. Rousselot-paillet, and B. Poujardieu, Genetic parameters from factorial cross breeding in two duck strains (Anas platyrhyncos) Brown Tsaiya and Pekin, for growth and fatty liver traits, British Poultry Science, vol.35, pp.509-517, 1994.

M. R. Salichon, G. Guy, D. Rousselot, and J. C. Blum, Composition de trois types de foies : Oie, canard mulard et canard de barbarie. 1ères Journ. Rech. Palmipèdes à Foie Gras, pp.13-21, 1993.

Y. Salichon, Elevage et gavage des palmipèdes pour la production du foie gras, 1991.

G. Seaton, C. S. Haley, S. A. Knott, M. Kearsey, and P. M. Visscher, QTL Express: mapping quantitative trait loci in simple and complex pedigrees, Bioinformatics, vol.18, issue.2, pp.339-379, 2002.

I. Setiawan, R. Babilé, and A. Auvergne, Growth and carcass composition of 2 genetic types in mule ducklings, Ann. Zootech, vol.43, pp.185-196, 1994.

M. Siwek, S. J. Cornelissen, A. J. Buitenhuis, M. G. Nieuwland, H. Bovenhuis et al., Quantitative trait loci for body weight in layers differ from quantitative trait loci specific for antibody responses to sheep red blood cells, Poultry Science, vol.83, pp.853-859, 2004.

D. P. Smith, D. L. Fletcher, and C. M. Papa, Post-mortem biochemistry of pekin duckling and broiler chicken pectoralis muscle, Poultry Science, vol.71, pp.1768-1772, 1992.

M. Soller, T. Brody, and A. Genizi, Power of Experimental Designs for Detection of Linkage between Marker Loci and Quantitative Loci in Crosses between Inbred Lines, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, vol.47, pp.35-39, 1976.

M. Soller and A. Genizi, Efficiency of Experimental-Designs for Detection of Linkage between a Marker Locus and a Locus Affecting a Quantitative Trait in Segregating Populations, Biometrics, vol.34, pp.47-55, 1978.

C. Tai and R. Rouvier, Crossbreeding effect on sexual dimorphism of body weight in intergeneric hybrids obtained between muscovy and pekin duck, Genet. Sel. Evol, vol.30, pp.163-170, 1998.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894202

T. Liu, J. J. Tai, and C. , Studies on the artificial insemination of ducks. 3. A comparison of fertility of pooled semen and individual male semen in the crosses between muscovy (cairina moschata) and tsaiya duck (anas platyrhynchos var domestica), J. Taiwan Livest. Res, vol.17, pp.85-89, 1984.

L. Théron, Déterminisme biologique de la variabilité de la fonte lipidique à la cuisson du foie gras de canard, p.161, 2011.

H. Thomsen, N. Reinsch, N. Xu, C. Looft, S. Gruppe et al., Comparison of estimated breeding values, daughter yield deviations and de-regressed proofs within a whole genome scan for QTL, J. Anim. Breed. Genet, vol.118, pp.357-370, 2001.

T. Tribout, N. Iannuccelli, T. Druet, H. Gilbert, R. Juliette et al., Detection of quantitative trait loci for reproduction and production traits in large white and french landrace pig populations (open access publication), Genetics Selection Evolution, vol.40, pp.61-78, 2008.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894610

J. A. Van-arendonk, B. Tier, and B. P. Kinghorn, Use of multiple genetic markers in prediction of breeding values, Genetics, vol.137, pp.319-329, 1994.

S. Van-der-beek and J. A. Van-arendonk, Marker assisted selection in an outbred poultry breeding nucleus, Anim. Sci, vol.62, pp.171-180, 1995.

J. B. Van-kaam, M. A. Groenen, H. Bovenhuis, A. Veenendaal, A. L. Vereijken et al., Whole genome scan in chickens for quantitative trait loci affecting carcass traits, Poultry Science, vol.78, pp.1091-1099, 1999.

P. M. Vanraden and G. R. Wiggans, Derivation, calculation, and use of national animal model information, J. Dairy Sci, vol.74, pp.2737-2746, 1991.

P. M. Visscher, R. Thompson, and C. S. Haley, Confidence intervals in QTL mapping by bootstrapping, vol.143, pp.1013-1020, 1996.

Z. G. Vitezica, C. Marie-etancelin, M. D. Bernadet, X. Fernandez, and C. Robert-granie, Comparison of nonlinear and spline regression models for describing mule duck growth curves, Poultry Science, vol.89, pp.1778-1784, 2010.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02660759

P. Wahlberg, O. Carlborg, M. Foglio, X. Tordoir, A. Syvanen et al., Genetic analysis of an f2 intercross between two chicken lines divergently selected for body-weight, BMC Genomics, vol.10, p.248, 2009.

T. Wang, R. L. Fernando, S. Van-der-beek, M. Grossman, and J. A. Van-arendonk, Covariance between relatives for a marked quantitative trait locus, Genet. Sel. Evol, vol.27, pp.251-274, 1995.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00894093

M. Watanabe, Experimental studie on the artificial insemination of domestic ducks with special reference to the production of mule ducks, J. Fac. Fish. Anim. Hush. Hiroshima univ, vol.3, pp.439-478, 1961.

J. I. Weller and D. Gianola, Models for genetic analysis of dystocia and calf mortality, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.72, pp.2633-2643, 1989.

J. I. Weller, Y. Kashi, and M. Soller, Power of daughter and granddaughter designs for determining linkage between marker loci and quantitative trait loci in dairy cattle, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.73, pp.2525-2537, 1990.

J. I. Weller, I. Misztal, and D. Gianola, Genetic analysis of dystocia and calf mortality in israeli-holsteins by threshold and linear models, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.71, pp.2491-2501, 1988.

J. I. Weller and M. Ron, Genetic analysis of fertility traits in israeli holsteins by linear and threshold models, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.75, pp.2541-2548, 1992.

J. I. Weller, A. Saran, and Y. Zeliger, Genetic and environmental relationships among somatic cell count, bacterial infection, and clinical mastitis, Journal of Dairy Science, vol.75, pp.2532-2540, 1992.

J. I. Weller, G. R. Wiggans, P. M. Vanraden, and M. Ron, Application of a canonical transformation to detection of quantitative trait loci with the aid of genetic markers in a multi-trait experiment, Theor. Appl. Genet, vol.92, pp.998-1002, 1996.

J. F. Woessner and . Jr, The determination of hydroxyproline in tissue and protein samples containing small proportions of this imino acid, Arch Biochem Biophys, vol.93, pp.440-447, 1961.

D. Wright, S. Kerje, K. Lundström, J. Babol, K. Schütz et al., Quantitative trait loci analysis of egg and meat production traits in a red junglefowl × white leghorn cross, Animal Genetics, vol.37, pp.529-534, 2006.

S. Wright, Genetics of abnormal growth in the guinea pig, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, vol.2, pp.137-147, 1934.

D. Wright, S. Kerje, K. Lundström, J. Babol, K. Schütz et al., Quantitative trait loci analysis of egg and meat production traits in a red junglefowl × white leghorn cross, Animal Genetics, vol.37, pp.529-534, 2006.

C. Xu, Z. Li, and S. Xu, Joint mapping of quantitative trait loci for multiple binary characters, Genetics, vol.169, pp.1045-1059, 2005.

S. Xu and A. W. , Mapping quantitative trait loci for complex binary diseases using line crosses, Genetics, vol.143, pp.1417-1424, 1996.

N. Yi and S. Xu, Mapping quantitative trait loci for complex binary traits in outbred populations, Heredity, vol.82, pp.668-676, 1999.

Z. Zeng, Precision mapping of quantitative trait loci, Genetics, vol.136, pp.1457-1468, 1994.

Z. Zeng, C. Kao, C. J. Basten, and . Kao, Estimating the genetic architecture of quantitative traits, Genet. Res, vol.74, pp.279-289, 1999.

H. Zhou, N. Deeb, C. M. Evock-clover, C. M. Ashwell, and S. J. Lamont, , 2006.

, Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken. I. Growth and average daily gain, Poultry Science, vol.85, pp.1700-1711

H. Zhou, C. M. Evock-clover, J. P. Mcmurtry, C. M. Ashwell, and S. J. Lamont, Genome-wide linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions affecting phenotypic traits in the chicken, Iv. Metabolic traits. Poultry Science, vol.86, pp.267-276, 2007.