, , p.208
,
, , p.212
,
, Dans cette perspective, le capital social d'un agent n'est pas mesuré à l'aune du nombre de ses relations mais en fonction de sa capacité à créer des ponts de part et d'autre de trous structuraux. Cette théorie recoupe également le concept d'intermédiarité développé par Freeman (1979) visant à mesurer la capacité d'un agent dans une position clé à constituer un point de passage obligé pour l'ensemble des chemins d'un réseau. De nombreuses études empiriques ont montré l'importance de cette notion : rôle des liens faibles pour trouver un travail (Granovetter, 1973), analyse de l'accroissement de l'influence et de la centralité de la famille Médicis à travers une "stratégie" systématique d'occupation des trous structuraux grâce aux mariages (Padgett and Ansell, 1993), créativité accrue de managers en situation d'intermédiaires (brokerage) entre plusieurs groupes dans une compagnie d'électronique (Burt, 2004) etc. Ici nous pouvons donner une mesure quantitative de l'avantage pour un blog d'être connecté à un blog par un lien faible (ou suffisamment faible, i.e. un lien moyen), 1992.
, Effets couplés Nous avons mis en évidence le rôle de l'attention totale dans la production de liens de transmissions, et avons constaté qu'une information ayant préalablement transité via un "lien moyen" avait plus de chance de se propager (d'un facteur supérieur à 2 lorsqu'on compare, Nous pouvons illustrer les effets combinés de ? et r en représentant figure, vol.7
, Si l'influence d'un agent peut réellement être mesurée à travers le nombre de transmissions dont il est la source, alors on peut conclure, au regard de cette dernière figure (et principalement à l'aide du profil de la blogosophère américaine), que l'influence d'un blog est à la fois fonction de l'attention qu'il suscite dans son environnement -simple capital social agrégé -et de sa capacité à servir de relais d'information entre des zones relativement éloignées du réseau, le nombre moyen de secondes transmissions observées en fonction de la valeur d'edge-range r de la première transmission et de l'attention ? du blog relais, 2000.
, 35 heures ; action publique ; aide au développement ; Allemagne ; altermondialisme ; antisémitisme ; baisse des prélèvements ; baisses d'impôts ; banlieue ; Banque européenne ; Bayrou ; blogosphère ; blogueurs ; bouclier fiscal ; Bové ; bravitude ; budget de la recherche ; budget de l'Etat ; capitalisme financier, A.1 Liste des 190 syntagmes utilisés définir le bagage sémantique des blogs politiques français
, logement ; éducation ; développement durable ; effet de serre ; emploi ; encadrement militaire ; endettement ; enseignement supérieur ; entreprises ; EPR ; Eric Besson
, François Hollande ; gauche antilibérale ; gaz à effet de serre ; hausse des prix ; hausse des salaires ; hausse du smic ; heures supplémentaires ; Hollande ; identité française ; identité nationale ; impôt sur les successions ; insécurité ; internautes ; Internet ; intérêt général ; islam ; islamisme ; Jacques Chirac ; Jean-Marie Le Pen ; Jospin ; jurys citoyens ; justice sociale ; Kärcher ; Kyoto ; législatives ; Lionel Jospin ; logement ; logement opposable ; logements sociaux ; LOLF ; maîtrise des dépenses ; MoDem ; monde agricole ; mondialisation ; Nicolas Sarkozy ; Olivier Besancenot ; pacte écologique ; pacte présidentiel ; pauvreté ; petites retraites ; peuple ; PIB ; plein emploi ; pouvoir d'achat ; prélèvements obligatoires ; productivité ; protection sociale ; prévention de la délinquance ; PS ; ps udf ; réchauffement climatique ; recettes fiscales ; recherche ; réforme des retraites ; régimes de retraite ; régimes spéciaux ; réforme ; référendum sur la Constitution ; régularisation ; Royal ; rural ; ruralité ; salaire minimum ; salariés ; sans-abri ; Sarkozy ; Sécurité sociale ; sertel-00464316, version 1 -16, Europe, 2010.
, Valérie Pécresse ; Verts ; vieillissement ; ville ; violences urbaines
,
, homosexuel ; égalité des chances ; CSG ; droit de grève ; CNRS ; Gollnisch
, George Bush ; dialogue social ; contrat unique ; assurance maladie ; johnny ; technologies ; anti-Sarkozy
, Frédéric Nihous ; Marseillaise ; Darfour ; chiffrage ; débats participatifs ; Villepinte ; Clearstream ; mai-68 ; outre-mer ; éléphants
, Liste des 79 syntagmes utilisés définir le bagage sémantique des blogs politiques américains : iran ; global warming ; climate change ; primaries ; china ; dollar ; michigan
, justice ; al qaeda ; clintons ; huckabee ; peace ; pakistan ; christian ; weapon ; immigrati ; woman ; mitt romney ; giuliani ; nuclear ; economy ; barack obama ; john mccain ; hillary clinton ; black ; security ; military ; democrats ; republicans ; money ; foreign policy ; jewish ; bush ; september ; abortion ; technology ; super tuesday ; national security ; middle east ; europe ; supreme court ; mexico ; human right ; kerry ; environment ; veterans ; george w bush ; war ; gun ; recession ; musharraf ; french ; tax cuts ; wall street ; vietnam ; africa complexes abduction ; accidents ; acid soils ; acoustics ; action ; Action observation ; adaptive control ; admissible controls ; admissible trajectory ; agent ; aggregate ; agriculture ; algorithms ; altruism ; analysis ; animal culture ; anticipations ; antisurvenance ; applied epistemology ; approximation algorithms ; architecture ; argumentation theory ; Artificial cell ; artificial intelligence ; assembly ; atmospheric physics ; automatic control ; automatic imitation ; autonomous agents ; avatar ; bayesian ; bayesian computing ; bayesian statistics ; behavioral economics ; behavioural theory ; belief ; best practice ; bifurcations ; biochemistry ; bioinformatics ; biosystems ; biotechnology ; border ; bounded rationality ; brain ; carbon dioxide ; cartography ; categorization ; category ; causal ; cell
, phenomena ; cultural anthropology ; cultural evolution ; cultural learning ; cultural trait ; cultural traits ; cultural transmission ; cybernetics ; data acquisition ; data bases ; data Management ; data mining ; data modelling ; data security ; democracy ; density ; deontic logic ; dependability ; design ; development ; disasters ; distributed systems ; drosophila ; dynamic ; dynamic modelling ; dynamic reasoning ; dynamics ; ecological rationality ; ecology ; economic models ; econophysics ; electroencephalography ; embedded systems ; embodied agent ; embodied cognition ; emergence of cooperation ; emergent semantics ; empathy ; emulation ; enaction ; endogenous ; endogenous dynamics ; endogenous network ; endogenous networks ; endogenous preference ; energy ; energy consumption ; energy management system ; energy policy ; energy saving ; energy sources ; environment ; environment protection ; environmental technology ; epidemiology ; epilepsy ; epistemic authority ; ethnography ; evaluation ; evolution ; evolution of culture ; evolu-Annexes tionary epistemology ; evolutionary games ; experimental development ; experimental economics ; finance ; finite element ; first person ; fitness ; forecasting techniques ; formal methods ; fossil fuels ; fractal ; framing effect ; freeware ; functional architecture ; functional programming ; fuzzy logic ; Galois lattices ; game theory ; gene expression ; general equilibrium ; genetic ; genetic algorithms ; geometry ; global network ; graph theory ; health ; herding behaviour ; heterogeneous agents ; heterogeneous networks ; heterogenous agents ; heuristic ; hiv ; human factors ; human modeling ; hybrid algorithms ; imitation ; immunogenetics ; inconsistency in reasoning ; individual ; inductive logic ; inference ; infinite dimensional ; informatics ; information system ; innovation ; integration ; integrative ; intelligence ; intelligent robot ; intentional action ; intentionality ; interactivity ; interface ; intersubjective relation ; intersubjectivity ; interview method ; intuitive experience ; invariant ; knowledge discovery ; knowledge managment ; learning ; life sciences ; logistics ; machine ; machine learning ; management ; manifold ; mapping ; mathematical models ; mathematical sociology ; maximizator
, rolinguistics ; neuron ; neuroscience ; neurosciences ; noise ; non deterministic ; nonlinear control ; nuclear ; oil ; online ; open systems ; operational closure ; operations research ; optimisation ; optoelectronics ; ordinary differential equations ; organizational theory ; ozone ; P600 ; paleoclimatology ; parallel computing ; parallel processing ; parallel systems ; parallelism ; parameter convergence ; pareto ; participatory ; pattern formation ; percolation ; performance evaluation ; petroleum technology ; phase transition ; phenomenology ; phylogeny ; planning ; policy ; pollen ; population ; power generation
, robotics ; robustness ; sacrifice ; scaling ; scientific discovery ; scientometrics ; second person ; security ; selfish ; sensors ; side effects ; sign ; signal processing ; signification ; simulation ; singularity ; situated agent ; small world ; social ; social aspects ; social belief ; social cognition ; social correlations ; social differenciation ; social dilemma ; social learning ; social networks ; software ; software engineering ; solar energy ; space ; spatial games ; stability ; state constraints ; statistical data ; statistical physics ; statistical testing ; stigmergic ; stochastic game
, Ultimatum Game ; uncertainty modelling ; verification ; viability ; victimary mechanism ; violence ; virtual ; vision ; vision system ; visual sensor ; visualisation ; waste management ; wavelets ; wiki ; wind energy ; workflow ; world wide web ; zebrafish B.2 La métaphore réseau en biologie ability ; absorption ; accumulation ; acid residues ; actin ; action potentials ; activate ; activated protein ; active site ; activity ; adaptation ; addition ; adhesion ; affinity ; aggregation ; algorithm ; allele ; alpha ; amino acid ; amplification ; anaphase ; annotation ; antibodies ; antibody ; antigen ; apoptosis ; approximation ; arabidopsis ; architecture ; arp2 ; array ; artificial neural network ; association ; atom ; attractor ; autonomous ; autoregulation ; auxin ; average ; axon ; bacillus ; background ; bacterium ; bank ; base ; bayesian ; bayesian network ; behavior ; bifurcation ; bind ; binding protein ; binding site ; biochemical pathways ; biodiversity ; bioinformatics ; biological data ; biological functions ; biological networks ; biological process ; biological systems ; biology ; biomass ; biomolecular ; biosynthesis ; blood flow ; body ; bond ; bond network ; brain ; branching ; budding ; budding yeast ; building ; bulk ; burst ; calcium ; cancer ; candidate ; capabilities ; capacity ; carbon ; carbon dioxide ; cardiac ; cascade ; catalysis ; cause ; cdc14 ; cdna ; cell ; cell cycle ; cell death ; cell differentiation ; cell division ; cell fate ; cell growth ; cell migration ; cell motility ; cell surface ; cell wall ; cellular ; cellular functions ; cellular networks ; cellular process ; center ; central nervous ; cerevisiae ; chain ; channel ; checkpoint ; chemistry ; chip ; chromatin ; chromosome ; circadian ; circadian clock ; circadian rhythms ; circuit ; circulation ; class ; classification ; clathrin ; climate, Annexes, pp.1-16, 2010.
, eukaryotes ; eukaryotic cells ; event ; evolution ; evolvability ; evolve ; exchange ; excitation ; exon ; experiment ; experimental evidence ; expressed genes ; expression ; expression data ; expression level ; expression pattern ; expression profiling ; extinction ; extracellular ; families ; feedback ; feedback control ; feedback inhibition ; feedback loop ; feedback mechanism ; feedback regulation ; feedforward ; fibroblasts ; filament ; firing ; fission ; fission yeast ; flexibility ; flexible ; flow ; fluorescent ; flux ; fold ; food web ; form ; formalism ; framework ; frequencies ; function ; functional annotation ; functional genomics
, gene ; gene duplication ; gene expression ; gene expression data ; gene expression levels ; gene expression patterns ; gene expression profiles ; gene function ; gene interactions ; gene network ; gene ontology ; gene products ; gene regulation ; gene regulatory network ; gene transcription ; genes encoding ; genetic algorithm ; genetic interactions ; genetic network ; genetic regulatory network
, genome scale ; genome sequence ; genome wide ; genomic data ; genotype ; germ ; global network ; globular ; glutamate ; golgi ; golgi network ; gradient ; graph ; growth ; growth rate ; gtpase ; helix ; heterogeneity ; heterogeneous ; hidden markov ; hierarchical clustering ; hierarchy ; high resolution ; high throughput ; high throughput data ; higher order ; hippocampus ; histone ; hiv ; homeostasis ; homogeneous ; homologous ; homology ; hormone ; host ; hub ; hubble ; hubble space ; hubble space telescope ; human ; human brain ; human genome ; human protein ; hybrid ; hybridization ; hydrogen bond network ; hydrogen bonding ; image ; imaging ; immune ; immune response ; immunity ; implementation ; in vitro ; inactivation ; independent ; indirect ; infection ; influences ; information ; information processing ; inhibitor ; input ; instability ; insulin ; integrate ; integrative ; interact ; interacting ; interaction ; interaction data ; interaction map
, ping ; marker ; markov ; mass spectrometry ; mathematical model ; mating ; matrix ; maturation ; mechanism ; melanogaster ; membrane ; messenger ; messenger rna ; metabolic control ; metabolic network ; metabolic pathway ; metabolite ; methane ; mice ; microarray ; microarray data ; microarray datasets ; microarray experiments ; microarray gene ; microscopy ; microtubule ; migration ; mitochondria ; mitosis ; model ; modelling ; modification ; modular ; modulate ; modulation ; module ; molecular ; molecular basis ; molecular biology ; molecular dynamics ; molecular interaction ; molecular level ; molecular networks ; molecule ; monitoring ; monte carlo ; morphogenesis ; morphology ; motif ; motility ; motor ; mouse ; mrna ; multicellular ; multicellular organisms ; mutagenesis ; mutant ; mutation ; myosin ; natural selection ; negative feedback ; nematoda ; nervous ; network ; network architecture ; network model ; network motifs ; network structure ; network topology ; networking ; neural network ; neuron ; neurotransmitter ; neutron ; nf kappa ; nf kappa b ; niche ; nitrogen ; node ; noise ; non coding ; nonlinear ; notch ; nuclear ; nucleation ; nucleotide ; nucleotide sequence ; nucleus ; nutrient ; occurrence ; oligonucleotide ; ontology ; open ; operate ; operon ; optimization ; organism ; organization ; organizing ; oscillation ; output ; overexpression ; overlapping ; oxygen ; pairwise ; paradigm ; parameter ; participate ; pathogen ; pathway ; pattern ; pattern formation ; pattern recognition ; patterning ; peptide ; perform ; performance ; persistence ; perturbation ; petri ; phage ; phase ; phenotype ; phosphatase ; phosphate ; phosphorylation ; physics ; physiology ; plant ; plasma membrane ; plasmodium ; plasticity ; polar ; polarity ; polymer ; polymerase ; polymerization ; polymorphisms ; pool ; population ; position ; positive ; positive feedback ; power law ; predicting ; prediction ; prediction accuracy ; prediction methods ; presence ; probability ; process ; produce ; profiling ; program ; progression ; project ; prokaryotes ; proliferation ; promote ; promoter sequence ; propagation ; property ; protein ; protein complex ; protein complexes ; protein data ; protein data bank ; protein dna ; protein domain ; protein folding ; protein function ; protein interaction ; protein interaction data ; protein interaction network ; protein kinase ; protein network ; protein protein interaction
, mostability ; threshold ; time ; time scales ; time series ; time series data ; timing ; tissue ; tolerance ; topology ; trafficking ; trait ; trans ; trans golgi ; trans golgi network ; transcription ; transcription networks ; transcriptional regulation ; transcriptome ; transduction
, duction ; groundwater ; sociology ; nitrate ; satellite imagery ; development aid ; rotations ; social impact ; protection of forests ; accounting ; models ; irrigation ; manures ; fuel crops ; soil fertility ; cattle farming ; monitoring ; small farms ; seasonal variation ; natural resources ; coastal areas ; institution building ; rural tourism ; economic development ; human ecology ; government policy ; irrigation water ; bioremediation ; international trade ; technology ; bioenergy ; world ; tropical forests ; nutrients ; industry ; water availability ; plant pests ; renewable resources ; temporal variation ; polluted water ; economic growth ; pollutants ; water distribution ; greenhouse gases ; air pollution ; forestry development ; hunting ; mathematical models ; investment ; emission ; forest products ; information ; mapping ; ethics ; refuse ; remote sensing ; conservation areas ; weeds ; carbon dioxide ; research ; innovation adoption ; directives ; landsat ; salinity ; access ; spatial distribution ; ecological disturbance ; migration ; drinking water ; water quality ; carrying capacity ; groundwater pollution ; composting ; international organizations ; population dynamics ; optimization ; cropping systems ; chemical composition ; plant water relations ; harvesting ; projects ; yields ; multipurpose trees ; gender relations ; vegetation types ; wildlife ; animal husbandry ; shifting cultivation ; parity ; mountain forests ; econometric models ; range management ; land ; pastoral society ; pig farming ; resources ; biomass ; biodiversity ; rehabilitation ; land ownership ; political power ; woodlands ; economic impact ; animal manures ; traditional society ; agriculture ; development programmes ; mangrove forests ; water resources ; environmental factors ; outdoor recreation ; atmosphere ; public health ; european union ; geographical distribution ; taxes ; hydrology ; use efficiency ; streams ; pastoralism ; medicinal plants ; forest recreation ; diversification ; animal production ; supply balance ; forecasts ; waste water ; government ; degraded land ; biology ; data analysis ; seeds ; roads ; valuation ; social participation ; environmental protection ; forests ; fuelwood ; tourism development ; wetlands ; tourist industry ; support measures ; production structure ; settlement ; soil water ; poverty ; transition economies ; environmental management ; right of access ; flood control ; private ownership ; forest fires ; law ; drainage systems ; heritage areas ; coffee ; feeds ; land diversion ; land resources ; farming ; economic policy ; economic viability ; biogas ; projections ; techniques ; cooperation ; local government ; climate ; agricultural trade ; property ; ethnic groups ; rain ; resettlement ; watershed management ; farming systems ; aquatic environment ; cadastres ; participation ; water harvesting ; marketing ; legislation ; conservation ; water systems ; indigenous knowledge ; project implementation ; dynamic models ; forest fragmentation ; non-governmental organizations ; change ; knowledge ; welfare economics ; spatial variation ; organizations ; cap ; subsidies ; water conservation ; community involvement ; nitrogen ; transgenic plants ; alternative farming ; environmental policy ; climatic change ; households ; common lands ; human diseases ; visitor behaviour ; insect pests ; world trade organization ; equipment ; farm size ; agricultural research ; farm management ; grassroots organizations ; genetic engineering ; learning ; stand structure ; economic analysis ; soil ; geological sedimentation ; livestock ; carbon sequestration ; agricultural economics ; farmers' associations ; water flow ; semiarid zones ; food supply ; privatization ; wheat ; eu regulations ; agricultural situation ; wild animals ; production costs ; community action ; arable land ; losses ; capital ; water use ; rangelands ; solid wastes ; agricultural policy ; history ; marine parks ; mangroves ; soil management ; partnerships ; afforestation ; estuaries ; herbicides ; social change ; pollution control ; nature tourism ; ecotourism ; silvopastoral systems ; nitrogen fertilizers ; comparisons ; trickle irrigation ; energy sources ; trees ; culture ; horticulture ; production possibilities ; dams ; maintenance ; polluted soils ; less favoured areas ; conflict ; trends ; dairy farms ; public domain ; lakes ; farm surveys ; simulation ; landscape conservation ; cotton ; transport ; grassland management ; visits ; regulations ; farms ; acreage ; economic situation ; non-market benefits ; canals ; eutrophication ; control ; stream flow ; crop yield ; quality ; decision making ; management ; energy conservation ; tourists, virulence
, downers ; animal welfare ; waste disposal ; cultivation ; waste utilization ; farmers' attitudes ; erosion ; effluents ; agricultural production ; environment ; standards ; water ; food safety ; national parks ; linear programming ; theory ; surveys ; returns ; irrigated farming ; landscape ecology ; waste treatment ; rent ; computer software ; invasions ; visitors ; energy consumption ; trade ; floods ; farmers ; tourism policy ; dairy farming ; social development ; soyabeans ; consumer attitudes ; plant communities ; soil degradation ; irrigation systems ; salinization ; tariffs ; mountain areas ; communication ; food production ; politics ; land use ; forest ownership ; trade agreements ; design ; attitudes ; plant breeding ; behaviour ; runoff ; fresh water ; markets ; information services ; opportunity costs ; geographical information systems ; cooperatives ; communities ; agricultural sector ; nature reserves ; health ; wild birds ; public opinion ; fees ; temperature ; utilization ; endangered species ; abandoned land ; motivation ; imports ; institutions ; externalities ; soil organic matter ; labour ; cultivars ; environmental impact ; ecology ; livestock farming ; diffusion of information ; land prices ; ranching ; multiple use ; riparian vegetation ; fisheries ; international agreements ; weed control ; reservoirs ; income ; population growth ; water supply ; rural economy ; agroforestry systems ; conservation tillage ; consumption ; women ; highlands ; tropics ; rain forests ; maize ; timbers ; destinations ; food security ; agrarian reform ; vegetation ; human population ; habitat destruction ; planning ; sediment ; genetic resources ; private forestry ; marine areas
, OR "farming system") OR TS=("cropping systems" OR "cropping system") OR TS=("agricultural systems" OR "agricultural system") OR TS=("agricultural knowledge") OR TS=("farmers participation
, OR TS=(small scale farm* OR smallholder farm* OR family farm*) OR TS=("livestock systems" OR "livestock system") OR TS=("organic agriculture") OR TS=("livestock farming system" OR "livestock farming systems") OR TS=("rural system" OR "rural systems") OR TS=("agrarian system" OR "agrarian systems") OR TS=
, livelihood" or "livelihoods" or "system approach" or "systems approach"or "household" or "households" or "R&D" or "research developement" or "extensions systems" or "extension system") AND TS=(agricult* farm or farming or rural) tel-00464316, pp.1-16, 2010.
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