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, la gestion de l'azote doit être raisonnée de plus en plus finement pour atteindre des objectifs multiples de rendement et de qualité des produits récoltés mais aussi de respect de l'environnement. Ces objectifs ne peuvent être atteints qu'en pilotant la fertilisation azotée au plus près des besoins de la plante et en adaptant le système de culture en interculture afin de réduire les pertes d'azote nitrique et sous forme gazeuse. Pour cela, il convient de connaître et de prévoir précisément la dynamique saisonnière de la
, ) ont permis de montrer, qu'en condition de champ, la dénitrification pouvait représenter une forte perte d'azote quand les apports d'eau sont reçus avec une forte intensité par le sol en été, suite à l'irrigation ou aux pluies d'orage. Une estimation précise de la quantité d'azote minéralisé in situ par bilan dynamique d'eau et d'azote dans ces situations requiert donc une mesure ou une estimation précise de l'azote minéral perdu par dénitrification ; or ce phénomène est trop souvent considéré comme négligeable dans les systèmes de grande culture français, ce qui pourrait ne pas être le cas si l'irrigation par aspersion est pratiquée. Le concept de vitesse potentielle normalisée de minéralisation, correspondant à une valeur unique de minéralisation basée sur le temps normalisé, a été globalement validé sur un réseau expérimental de 55 parcelles de grande culture réparties sur l'ensemble du territoire français. Différents méthodes et modèles statistiques ont été testés pour décrire la variabilité observée de la minéralisation potentielle de l'azote in situ. Ainsi, la vitesse de minéralisation in situ de l'azote a été ajustée par RLM (Régression Linéaire Multiple) et PLS (Partial Least Squares regression). Les formalismes couramment utilisés, correspondant à l'effet de variables quantitatives comme la teneur en argile, en CaCO3 et la quantité d'azote organique, ainsi que la vitesse de minéralisation de l'azote mesurée in vitro n'ont pas permis d'expliquer ni de prédire, avec une bonne précision, la vitesse potentielle de minéralisation de l'azote in situ. Par contre, l'information apportée par des variables qualitatives relatives au système de culture (type de précédent cultural, nature de la rotation, apport régulier ou non de matières organiques exogènes) améliore significativement l'explication de la variabilité et les qualités prédictives des modèles statistiques sélectionnés. Les caractéristiques biologiques du sol, comme le carbone de la biomasse microbienne ou la vitesse de minéralisation in vitro du carbone, ont aussi permis d'améliorer la prédiction de la vitesse de minéralisation de l'azote in situ, et (ii) expliquer et prédire cette minéralisation in situ pour une large gamme de pédoclimats et de systèmes de grande culture français. La minéralisation de l'azote in situ a été estimée en sol nu à l'aide de mesures régulières d'eau et d'azote minéral (0-120 cm) et du programme de calcul LIXIM basé sur un bilan dynamique journalier d'azote