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, ANNEXES Annexe 1: Carte génétique représentant les 75 IL de M82 dans LA716 (Eshed and Zamir, 1994.
, Annexe 2: Protocole d'extraction d'ADN en format 96 sans solvant (d'après Stéphane Muños
, Annexe 3: Protocole d'extraction des protéines totales au phénol
, Liste de l'ensemble des marqueurs testés pour la densification en marqueurs des régions d, Annexe, vol.4
, Localisation des spots différentiellement exprimés (Tableaux VI.3 et VI.4) sur les gels d'électrophorèse bidimensionnelle, Annexe, vol.6
, Gènes candidats issus du criblage différentiel Lxl/Levovil à quatre stades de développement réalisé sur des puces à oligonucléotides dédiées texture, vol.7
, Article présentant l'étude des effets épistatiques contrôlant les variations phénotypique de six composantes de la qualité du fruit de tomate: poids du fruit, nombre de loge, fermeté instrumentale, acidité titrable, teneurs en sucres et en solides solubles, Annexe, vol.8, p.141
, Localisation des spots différentiellement exprimés (Tableaux VI.3 et VI.4) sur les gels d'électrophorèse bidimensionnelle, colorés au nitrate d'argent, réalisés à partir d'extraits de protéines totales du péricarpe de tomate. Les cercles indiquent la position de spots absents chez Lx mais présents pour d'autres génotypes, Annexe, vol.6
, Article présentant l'étude des effets épistatiques contrôlant les variations phénotypique de six composantes de la qualité du fruit de tomate: poids du fruit, nombre de loge, fermeté instrumentale, acidité titrable, teneurs en sucres et en solides solubles, Annexe, vol.8
, Michel Buret ? and Frédéric Hospital ?, p.1
, Unité de Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, INRA, vol.84143
Author for correspondence ,
Epistasis may exert important effect on the dynamics of evolving populations (Cheverud and Routman 1996; Elena and Lenski 2001). In the evolutionary history of species, complementary epistatic interactions due to the isolation of subspecies explain some epistatic interactions (Fenster et al. 1997) for instance for female sterility in rice (Kubo and Yoshimura 2005) or seed yield in bean, Bâtiment, vol.84914, 1909. ,
This could result in a restricted genetic gain from markerassisted selection (Liu et al. 2003) as well as some difficulties when trying to characterize the QTL. Ignoring the epistatic interactions also leads to underestimate genetic variance and to overestimate individual QTL effects (Carlborg and Haley 2004). chance (Tanksley 1993). Nevertheless, several cases of epistatic interactions have been detected in plants, for flowering time, Its presence may have important consequences on the success of detection, introgression and characterization of the genes controlling quantitative traits, 1995. ,
Several cases of epistasis were also detected for disease resistance, Thabuis et al, 2003. ,
In tomato, significant interactions were detected for fruit shape (Van Der Knaap et al. 2002), locule number (Lippman and Tanksley 2001), colour (Kabelka et al. 2004), soluble solid content (Monforte et al. 2001), fructose to glucose ratio (Levin et al. 2004) and aroma production (Causse et al. 2002). its effect is rarely significant, except when specific designs are used, 2001. ,
, Thus many QTL detected in this study (with additive or epistatic effect) corresponded to main effect QTL in other studies on tomato, confirming that QTL are consistent over species, but that some QTL may be detected tomato (Grandillo et al. 1999). In the CL-RIL population, five QTL were mapped and two other
, Fruit weight QTL have already been found in all these regions, in at least two other progenies (Grandillo et al. 1999), except on chromosome 12. In CL-RIL, a duplicate epistatic interaction was shown between Q 2 and a region of chromosome 6 where a QTL was detected by, and Q 9a ) were detected in QTL-CIL, 1999.
, For locule number, at least eight QTL were previously detected in four progenies, Lippman and Tanksley, 2001.
five of which being detected in at least two progenies. Interactions between QTL were detected only in certain progenies, and three new putative epistatic interactions involving five other fragments were, 2003. ,
Many biological processes control fruit firmness: the change of color during ripening, the ethylene synthesis partly responsible of cell wall loosening, cell adhesion and osmotic pressure modifications, 2002. ,
, firmness has a low heritability and is generally quantitatively inherited. A comparison of previously mapped QTL for firmness in progenies of S. pimpinellifolium, p.28, 2001.
For this trait the epistatic interactions appeared much more important than additive effects in both CL-RIL and QTL-CIL. In QTL-CIL the four regions exhibited significant epistatic interactions and ten interactions were significant in the CL-RIL, among which four involved Q 4 or Q 9a , three Q 2 and one Q 1 , highlighting the consistency of results in QTL-CIL and CL-RIL. Overall, 13 of QTL controlling this trait, and more than 20 QTL were mapped, QTL in 18 regions. Firmness had the lowest heritability and the lowest number of QTL detected in CL-RIL. QTL on chromosome 4 and 9 were already detected twice in the same regions in studies of advanced backcross progenies involving wild species, 1995. ,
All the QTL regions detected with CL-RIL and QTL-NIL have already been detected with other populations, QTL for sugars have been mapped in at least 35 regions, 2002. ,
Acidity relies on the content of citric and malic acids, for which at least 29 QTL have been detected ,
All the additive QTL detected in CL-RIL or QTL-NIL have already been mapped in another progeny. Four of the 6 loci involved in interactions corresponded to QTL in other progenies, 2004. ,
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