R. Al-shawi, J. Kinnaird, B. J. Bishop, and J. O. , Expression of a foreign gene in a line of transgenic mice is modulated by a chromosomal position effect, Mol Cell Biol, vol.10, issue.3, pp.1192-1200, 1990.

T. J. Antes, S. J. Namciu, R. E. Fournier, and B. Levy-wilson, The 5' boundary of the human apolipoprotein B chromatin domain in intestinal cells, Biochemistry, vol.40, issue.23, pp.6731-6773, 2001.

K. L. Arney, H19 and Igf2--enhancing the confusion?, Trends Genet, vol.19, issue.1, pp.17-23, 2003.

A. Baguisi, E. Behboodi, D. T. Melican, J. S. Pollock, M. M. Destrempes et al., Production of goats by somatic cell nuclear transfer, Nat Biotechnol, vol.17, issue.5, pp.456-61, 1999.

R. K. Ball, R. R. Friis, C. A. Schoenenberger, W. Doppler, and B. Groner, Prolactin regulation of beta-casein gene expression and of a cytosolic 120-kd protein in a cloned mouse mammary epithelial cell line, EMBO J, vol.7, issue.7, pp.2089-95, 1988.

A. Behrens, N. Genoud, H. Naumann, T. Rulicke, J. F. Heppner et al., Absence of the prion protein homologue Doppel causes male sterility

J. Embo, , vol.21, pp.3652-3660, 2002.

A. C. Bell, A. G. West, and G. Felsenfeld, The protein CTCF is required for the enhancer blocking activity of vertebrate insulators, Cell, vol.98, issue.3, pp.387-96, 1999.

J. Betthauser, E. Forsberg, M. Augenstein, L. Childs, K. Eilertsen et al., Production of cloned pigs from in vitro systems, Nat Biotechnol, vol.18, issue.10, pp.1055-1064, 2000.

P. D. Bieniasz, T. A. Grdina, H. P. Bogerd, and B. R. Cullen, Recruitment of a protein complex containing Tat and cyclin T1 to TAR governs the species specificity of HIV-1 Tat

J. Embo, , vol.17, pp.7056-65, 1998.

J. O. Bishop and P. Smith, Mechanism of chromosomal integration of microinjected DNA

, Mol Biol Med, vol.6, issue.4, pp.283-98, 1989.

C. Bonifer, M. Vidal, F. Grosveld, and A. E. Sippel, Tissue specific and position independent expression of the complete gene domain for chicken lysozyme in transgenic mice

, EMBO J, vol.9, issue.9, pp.2843-2851, 1990.

C. Bonifer, F. X. Bosch, N. Faust, A. Schuhmann, and A. E. Sippel, Evolution of gene regulation as revealed by differential regulation of the chicken lysozyme transgene and the endogenous mouse lysozyme gene in mouse macrophages, Eur J Biochem, vol.226, issue.1, pp.227-262, 1994.

Z. Bosze, L. Hiripi, J. W. Carnwath, and H. Niemann, The transgenic rabbit as model for human diseases and as a source of biologically active recombinant proteins, Transgenic Res, vol.12, issue.5, pp.541-53, 2003.

G. Brem, U. Besenfelder, B. Aigner, M. Muller, I. Liebl et al., YAC transgenesis in farm animals: rescue of albinism in rabbits, Mol Reprod Dev, vol.44, issue.1, pp.56-62, 1996.

R. L. Brinster, E. P. Sandgren, R. R. Behringer, and R. D. Palmiter, No simple solution for making transgenic mice, Cell, vol.59, issue.2, pp.239-280, 1989.

R. L. Brinster, Germline stem cell transplantation and transgenesis, Science, vol.296, issue.5576, pp.2174-2180, 2002.

B. Brophy, G. Smolenski, T. Wheeler, D. Wells, L. 'huillier et al., Cloned transgenic cattle produce milk with higher levels of beta-casein and kappa-casein, Nat Biotechnol, vol.21, issue.2, pp.157-62, 2003.

K. H. Campbell, J. Mcwhir, R. Wa, and I. Wilmut, Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line, Nature, vol.380, issue.6569, pp.64-70, 1996.

M. R. Capecchi, Altering the genome by homologous recombination, Science, vol.244, issue.4910, pp.1288-92, 1989.

J. Castilla, B. Pintado, I. Sola, J. M. Sanchez-morgado, and L. Enjuanes, Engineering passive immunity in transgenic mice secreting virus-neutralizing antibodies in milk, Nat Biotechnol, vol.16, issue.4, pp.349-54, 1998.

A. W. Chan, T. Dominko, C. M. Luetjens, E. Neuber, C. Martinovich et al., Clonal propagation of primate offspring by embryo splitting, Science, vol.287, issue.5451, pp.317-326, 2000.

A. W. Chan, K. Y. Chong, C. Martinovich, C. Simerly, and G. Schatten, Transgenic monkeys produced by retroviral gene transfer into mature oocytes, Science, vol.291, issue.5502, pp.309-321, 2001.

P. Chesné, P. G. Adenot, C. Viglietta, M. Baratte, L. Boulanger et al., Cloned rabbits produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells, Nat Biotechnol, vol.20, issue.4, pp.366-375, 2002.

S. Chong, A. D. Riggs, and C. Bonifer, A Functional chromatin domain does not resist X chromosome inactivation: silencing of cLys correlates with methylation of a dual promoter-replication origin, Mol Cell Biol, vol.22, issue.13, pp.4667-76, 2002.

J. H. Chung, M. Whiteley, and G. Felsenfeld, A 5' element of the chicken beta-globin domain serves as an insulator in human erythroid cells and protects against position effect in Drosophila, Cell, vol.74, issue.3, pp.505-519, 1993.

J. H. Chung, A. C. Bell, and G. Felsenfeld, Characterization of the chicken beta-globin insulator, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.94, issue.2, pp.575-80, 1997.

G. M. Church and W. Gilbert, Genomic sequencing, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.81, issue.7, pp.1991-1996, 1984.

J. B. Cibelli, S. L. Stice, P. J. Golueke, J. J. Kane, J. J. Blackwell et al., Transgenic bovine chimeric offspring produced from somatic cell-derived stem-like cells, Nat Biotechnol, vol.16, issue.7, pp.642-648, 1998.

A. J. Clark, H. G. Yull, and F. E. , Mammalian cDNA and prokaryotic reporter sequences silence adjacent transgenes in transgenic mice, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.25, issue.5, pp.1009-1023, 1997.

J. Collinge and S. Hawke, B lymphocytes in prion neuroinvasion: central or peripheral players?, Nat Med, vol.4, issue.12, pp.1369-70, 1998.

S. Collins, C. A. Mclean, and C. L. Masters, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome,fatal familial insomnia, and kuru: a review of these less common human transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, J Clin Neurosci, vol.8, issue.5, pp.387-97, 2001.

N. G. Copeland, N. A. Jenkins, and D. L. Court, Recombineering: a powerful new tool for mouse functional genomics, Nat Rev Genet, vol.2, issue.10, pp.769-79, 2001.

A. Cranston, C. Dong, J. Howcroft, and A. J. Clark, Chromosomal sequences flanking an efficiently expressed transgene dramatically enhance its expression, Gene, vol.269, issue.1-2, pp.217-242, 2001.

O. Cuvier, C. M. Hart, and U. K. Laemmli, Identification of a class of chromatin boundary elements, Mol Cell Biol, vol.18, issue.12, pp.7478-86, 1998.

K. G. Danielson, C. J. Oborn, E. M. Durban, J. S. Butel, and D. Medina, Epithelial mouse mammary cell line exhibiting normal morphogenesis in vivo and functional differentiation in vitro, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.81, issue.12, pp.3756-60, 1984.

A. De-luca, D. Falco, M. Baldi, A. Paggi, and M. G. , Cyclin T: three forms for different roles in physiological and pathological functions, J Cell Physiol, vol.194, issue.2, pp.101-108, 2003.

D. Wet, J. R. Wood, K. V. Deluca, M. Helinski, D. R. Subramani et al., Firefly luciferase gene: structure and expression in mammalian cells, Mol Cell Biol, vol.7, issue.2, pp.725-762, 1987.

W. Dean, F. Santos, M. Stojkovic, V. Zakhartchenko, J. Walter et al., Conservation of methylation reprogramming in mammalian development: aberrant reprogramming in cloned embryos, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.98, issue.24, pp.13734-13742, 2001.

R. Denamur, Reviews of the progress of dairy science. Section A. Physiology. Hormonal control of lactogenesis, J Dairy Res, vol.38, issue.2, pp.237-64, 1971.

C. Denning, S. Burl, A. A. Bracken, J. Dinnyes, A. Fletcher et al., Deletion of the alpha(1,3)galactosyl transferase (GGTA1) gene and the prion protein (PrP) gene in sheep, Nat Biotechnol, vol.19, issue.6, pp.559-62, 2001.

K. W. Dobie, M. Lee, J. A. Fantes, E. Graham, A. J. Clark et al., Variegated transgene expression in mouse mammary gland is determined by the transgene integration locus, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.93, issue.13, pp.6659-64, 1996.

D. E. Dobson, E. M. Prager, and A. C. Wilson, Stomach lysozymes of ruminants. I. Distribution and catalytic properties, J Biol Chem, issue.18, pp.11607-11623, 1984.

D. Dormont, Agents that cause transmissible subacute spongiform encephalopathies, Biomed Pharmacother, vol.53, issue.1, pp.3-8, 1999.

F. Du, J. R. Giles, R. H. Foote, K. H. Graves, Y. X. Moreadith et al., Nuclear transfer of putative rabbit embryonic stem cells leads to normal blastocyst development, J Reprod Fertil, vol.104, issue.2, pp.219-242, 1995.

M. Dunaway, J. Y. Hwang, M. Xiong, and H. L. Yuen, The activity of the scs and scs' insulator elements is not dependent on chromosomal context, Mol Cell Biol, vol.17, issue.1, pp.182-191, 1997.

K. Ebner and U. Brodbeck, Biological role of alpha-lactalbumin: a review, J Dairy Sci, vol.51, issue.3, pp.317-339, 1968.

J. C. Epinat, S. Arnould, P. Chames, P. Rochaix, D. Desfontaines et al., A novel engineered meganuclease induces homologous recombination in yeast and mammalian cells, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.31, issue.11, pp.2952-62, 2003.

M. J. Evans and M. H. Kaufman, Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos, Nature, vol.292, issue.5819, pp.154-160, 1981.

B. Ewing, L. Hillier, W. Mc, and P. Green, Base-calling of automated sequencer traces using phred. I. Accuracy assessment, Genome Res, vol.8, issue.3, pp.175-85, 1998.

D. A. Gdula, T. I. Gerasimova, and C. Vg, Genetic and molecular analysis of the gypsy chromatin insulator of Drosophila, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.93, issue.18, pp.9378-83, 1996.

T. I. Gerasimova, D. A. Gdula, D. V. Gerasimov, O. Simonova, and C. Vg, A Drosophila protein that imparts directionality on a chromatin insulator is an enhancer of positioneffect variegation, Cell, vol.82, issue.4, pp.587-97, 1995.

T. I. Gerasimova and V. G. Corces, Polycomb and trithorax group proteins mediate the function of a chromatin insulator, Cell, vol.92, issue.4, pp.511-532, 1998.

G. P. Montoliu and L. , Size matters: use of YACs, BACs and PACs in transgenic animals, Transgenic Res, vol.10, issue.2, pp.83-103, 2001.

S. P. Golovan, R. G. Meidinger, A. Ajakaiye, M. Cottrill, M. Z. Wiederkehr et al., Pigs expressing salivary phytase produce low-phosphorus manure, Nat Biotechnol, vol.19, issue.8, pp.741-746, 2001.

D. Gordon, C. Abajian, and P. Green, Consed: a graphical tool for sequence finishing

, Genome Res, vol.8, issue.3, pp.195-202, 1998.

J. W. Gordon, G. A. Scangos, D. J. Plotkin, J. A. Barbosa, and F. H. Ruddle, Genetic transformation of mouse embryos by microinjection of purified DNA, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.77, issue.12, pp.7380-7384, 1980.

A. Gossler, T. Doetschman, R. Korn, E. Serfling, and R. Kemler, Transgenesis by means of blastocyst-derived embryonic stem cell lines, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.83, issue.23, pp.9065-9074, 1986.

B. R. Graveley, Alternative splicing: increasing diversity in the proteomic world, Trends Genet, vol.17, issue.2, pp.100-107, 2001.

B. Grisart, W. Coppieters, F. Farnir, L. Karim, C. Ford et al., Positional candidate cloning of a QTL in dairy cattle: identification of a missense mutation in the bovine DGAT1 gene with major effect on milk yield and composition, Genome Res, vol.12, issue.2, pp.222-253, 2002.

L. Grobet, L. J. Martin, D. Poncelet, D. Pirottin, B. Brouwers et al., A deletion in the bovine myostatin gene causes the double-muscled
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02686447

, Nat Genet, vol.17, issue.1, pp.71-75, 1997.

F. Grosveld, G. B. Van-assendelft, D. R. Greaves, and G. Kollias, Position-independent, highlevel expression of the human beta-globin gene in transgenic mice, Cell, vol.51, issue.6, pp.975-85, 1987.

F. Grosveld, Activation by locus control regions?, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol.9, issue.2, pp.152-159, 1999.

J. B. Gurdon and J. A. Byrne, The first half-century of nuclear transplantation, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.100, issue.14, pp.8048-52, 2003.

T. Hamada, H. Sasaki, R. Seki, and Y. Sakaki, Mechanism of chromosomal integration of transgenes in microinjected mouse eggs: sequence analysis of genome-transgene and transgene-transgene junctions at two loci, Gene, vol.128, issue.2, pp.197-202, 1993.

R. W. Hanson, New animal models for study of metabolism minireview series, J Biol Chem, vol.278, issue.31, pp.28357-28365, 2003.

A. J. Harvey, G. Speksnijder, L. R. Baugh, J. A. Morris, and R. Ivarie, Expression of exogenous protein in the egg white of transgenic chickens, Nat Biotechnol, vol.20, issue.4, pp.396-405, 2002.

V. Hayssen and D. G. Blackburn, Alpha-lactalbumin and the origins of lactation, vol.39, pp.1147-1196, 1985.

S. Hochi, T. Ninomiya, M. Waga-homma, J. Sagara, and Y. A. , Secretion of bovine alphalactalbumin into the milk of transgenic rats, Mol Reprod Dev, vol.33, issue.2, pp.160-164, 1992.

B. Hogan, F. Constantini, and L. E. , In manipulating the mouse embryo: A laboratory manual, 1986.

L. M. Houdebine, Transgenic animal bioreactors, Transgenic Res, vol.9, issue.4-5, pp.305-325, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02684240

L. M. Houdebine, Antibody manufacture in transgenic animals and comparisons with other systems, Curr Opin Biotechnol, vol.13, issue.6, pp.625-634, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02681417

D. Humpherys, K. Eggan, H. Akutsu, K. Hochedlinger, W. M. Rideout et al., Epigenetic instability in ES cells and cloned mice, Science, vol.293, issue.5527, pp.95-102, 2001.

N. Ilan, I. Barash, G. E. Shani, and M. , Establishment and initial characterization of the ovine mammary epithelial cell line NISH, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim, vol.34, issue.4, pp.326-358, 1998.

K. Inoue, T. Kohda, J. Lee, N. Ogonuki, K. Mochida et al., Faithful expression of imprinted genes in cloned mice, Science, vol.295, issue.5553, p.297, 2002.

D. M. Irwin and A. C. Wilson, Multiple cDNA sequences and the evolution of bovine stomach lysozyme, J Biol Chem, vol.264, issue.19, pp.11387-93, 1989.

D. M. Irwin and A. C. Wilson, Concerted evolution of ruminant stomach lysozymes. Characterization of lysozyme cDNA clones from sheep and deer, J Biol Chem, vol.265, issue.9, pp.4944-52, 1990.

R. Jeanisch, K. Eggan, D. Humpherys, W. Rideout, and K. Hochedlinger, Nuclear cloning, stem cells, and genomic reprogramming, Cloning Stem Cells, vol.4, issue.4, pp.389-96, 2002.

P. Jolles, F. Schoentgen, J. Jolles, D. E. Dobson, E. M. Prager et al., Stomach lysozymes of ruminants. II. Amino acid sequence of cow lysozyme 2 and immunological comparisons with other lysozymes, J Biol Chem, issue.18, pp.11617-11642, 1984.

B. Jost, J. L. Vilotte, I. Duluc, J. L. Rodeau, and J. N. Freund, Production of low-lactose milk by ectopic expression of intestinal lactase in the mouse mammary gland, Nat Biotechnol, vol.17, issue.2, pp.160-164, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02696428

C. N. Karatzas, Designer milk from transgenic clones, Nat Biotechnol, vol.21, issue.2, pp.138-147, 2003.

C. L. Keefer, H. Baldassarre, R. Keyston, B. Wang, B. Bhatia et al., Generation of dwarf goat (Capra hircus) clones following nuclear transfer with transfected and nontransfected fetal fibroblasts and in vitro-matured oocytes, Biol Reprod, vol.64, issue.3, pp.849-56, 2001.

R. Kellum and P. Schedl, A position-effect assay for boundaries of higher order chromosomal domains, Cell, vol.64, issue.5, pp.941-50, 1991.

R. Kellum and P. Schedl, A group of scs elements function as domain boundaries in an enhancer-blocking assay, Mol Cell Biol, vol.12, issue.5, pp.2424-2455, 1992.

D. E. Kerr, F. Liang, K. R. Bondioli, H. Zhao, G. Kreibich et al., The bladder as a bioreactor: urothelium production and secretion of growth hormone into urine, Nat Biotechnol, vol.16, issue.1, pp.75-84, 1998.

D. E. Kerr, K. Plaut, A. J. Bramley, C. M. Williamson, A. J. Lax et al., Lysostaphin expression in mammary glands confers protection against staphylococcal infection in transgenic mice, Nat Biotechnol, vol.19, issue.1, pp.66-70, 2001.

W. C. Kisseberth, N. T. Brettingen, J. K. Lohse, and E. P. Sandgren, Ubiquitous expression of marker transgenes in mice and rats, Dev Biol, vol.214, issue.1, pp.128-166, 1999.

M. A. Klein, R. Frigg, E. Flechsig, A. J. Raeber, U. Kalinke et al., A crucial role for B cells in neuroinvasive scrapie, Nature, vol.390, issue.6661, pp.687-90, 1997.

M. A. Klein, R. Frigg, A. J. Raeber, E. Flechsig, I. Hegyi et al., PrP expression in B lymphocytes is not required for prion neuroinvasion, Nat Med, vol.4, issue.12, pp.1429-1462, 1998.

R. Knight, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a protein disease, Proteomics, vol.1, issue.6, pp.763-769, 2001.

A. F. Kolb, L. Pewe, J. Webster, S. Perlman, C. B. Whitelaw et al., Virusneutralizing monoclonal antibody expressed in milk of transgenic mice provides full protection against virus-induced encephalitis, J Virol, vol.75, issue.6, pp.2803-2812, 2001.

J. H. Kordower, M. E. Emborg, J. Bloch, S. Y. Ma, Y. Chu et al., Neurodegeneration prevented by lentiviral vector delivery of GDNF in primate models of Parkinson's disease, Science, vol.290, issue.5492, pp.767-73, 2000.

M. J. Krnacik, S. Li, J. Liao, and J. M. Rosen, Position-independent expression of whey acidic protein transgenes, J Biol Chem, issue.19, pp.11119-11148, 1995.

S. Kuersten and E. B. Goodwin, The power of the 3' UTR: translational control and development, Nat Rev Genet, vol.4, issue.8, pp.626-663, 2003.

E. J. Kuhn and P. K. Geyer, Genomic insulators: connecting properties to mechanism, Curr Opin Cell Biol, vol.15, issue.3, pp.259-65, 2003.

Y. Kuroiwa, K. Tomizuka, T. Shinohara, Y. Kazuki, H. Yoshida et al., Manipulation of human minichromosomes to carry greater than megabase-sized chromosome inserts, Nat Biotechnol, vol.18, issue.10, pp.1086-90, 2000.

Y. Kuroiwa, P. Kasinathan, Y. J. Choi, R. Naeem, K. Tomizuka et al., Cloned transchromosomic calves producing human immunoglobulin, Nat Biotechnol, vol.20, issue.9, pp.889-94, 2002.

E. S. Lander and Y. J. Chen, International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome, Nature, vol.409, issue.6822, pp.860-921, 2001.

J. W. Larrick and D. W. Thomas, Producing proteins in transgenic plants and animals, Curr Opin Biotechnol, vol.12, issue.4, pp.411-419, 2001.

M. Lavitrano, A. Camaioni, V. M. Fazio, S. Dolci, M. G. Farace et al., Sperm cells as vectors for introducing foreign DNA into eggs: genetic transformation of mice, Cell, vol.57, issue.5, pp.717-740, 1989.

M. Lavitrano, M. L. Bacci, M. Forni, D. Lazzereschi, D. Stefano et al., Efficient production by sperm-mediated gene transfer of human decay accelerating factor (hDAF) transgenic pigs for xenotransplantation, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, issue.22, pp.14230-14265, 2002.

E. C. Lee, D. Yu, J. Martinez-de-velasco, L. Tessarollo, D. A. Swing et al., A highly efficient Escherichia coli-based chromosome engineering system adapted for recombinogenic targeting and subcloning of BAC DNA, Genomics, vol.73, issue.1, pp.56-65, 2001.

R. Levine-m-and-tjian, Transcription regulation and animal diversity, Nature, vol.424, issue.6945, pp.147-51, 2003.

H. Liu and A. P. Rice, Isolation and characterization of the human cyclin T1 promoter, Gene, vol.252, issue.1-2, pp.39-49, 2000.

P. V. Loc and W. H. Stratling, The matrix attachment regions of the chicken lysozyme gene comap with the boundaries of the chromatin domain, EMBO J, vol.7, issue.3, pp.655-64, 1988.

E. A. Maga, G. B. Anderson, M. C. Huang, and J. D. Murray, Expression of human lysozyme mRNA in the mammary gland of transgenic mice, Transgenic Res, vol.3, issue.1, pp.36-42, 1994.

E. A. Maga, R. G. Sargent, H. Zeng, S. Pati, D. A. Zarling et al.,

J. D. Murray, Increased efficiency of transgenic livestock production, Transgenic Res, vol.12, issue.4, pp.485-96, 2003.

B. Maione, M. Lavitrano, C. Spadafora, and A. A. Kiessling, Sperm-mediated gene transfer in mice, Mol Reprod Dev, vol.50, issue.4, pp.406-415, 1998.

G. R. Martin, Isolation of a pluripotent cell line from early mouse embryos cultured in medium conditioned by teratocarcinoma stem cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.78, issue.12, pp.7634-7642, 1981.

J. Martin-serrano, L. K. Bieniasz, and P. D. , Cyclin T1 expression is mediated by a complex and constitutively active promoter and does not limit human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Tat function in unstimulated primary lymphocytes, J Virol, vol.76, issue.1, pp.208-227, 2002.

A. Maschio, P. M. Brickell, D. Kioussis, A. L. Mellor, D. Katz et al., Transgenic mice carrying the guinea-pig alpha-lactalbumin gene transcribe milk protein genes in their sebaceous glands during lactation, Biochem J, vol.275, pp.459-67, 1991.

M. Massoud, R. Bischoff, W. Dalemans, H. Pointu, J. Attal et al., Production of human proteins in the blood of transgenic animals. C R Acad Sci III, pp.275-80, 1990.

K. J. Mccreath, J. Howcroft, K. H. Campbell, A. Colman, A. E. Schnieke et al., Production of gene-targeted sheep by nuclear transfer from cultured somatic cells, Nature, issue.6790, pp.1066-1075, 2000.

R. A. Mcknight, A. Shamay, L. Sankaran, R. J. Wall, and L. Hennighausen, Matrix-attachment regions can impart position-independent regulation of a tissue-specific gene in transgenic mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.89, issue.15, pp.6943-6950, 1992.

R. A. Mcknight, M. Spencer, R. J. Wall, and L. Hennighausen, Severe position effects imposed on a 1 kb mouse whey acidic protein gene promoter are overcome by heterologous matrix attachment regions, Mol Reprod Dev, vol.44, issue.2, pp.179-84, 1996.

M. H. Meisler, Insertional mutation of 'classical' and novel genes in transgenic mice, Trends Genet, vol.8, issue.10, pp.341-345, 1992.

R. Melfi, F. Palla, D. Simone, P. , A. C. Cali et al., Functional characterization of the enhancer blocking element of the sea urchin early histone gene cluster reveals insulator properties and three essential cis-acting sequences, J Mol Biol, vol.304, issue.5, pp.753-63, 2000.

J. C. Mercier and J. L. Vilotte, Structure and function of milk protein genes, J Dairy Sci, vol.76, issue.10, pp.3079-98, 1993.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02846650

J. C. Mercier and J. L. Vilotte, The modification of milk protein composition through transgenesis: progress and problems, Houdebine LM, pp.473-82, 1997.

D. Milan, J. T. Jeon, C. Looft, V. Amarger, A. Robic et al., A mutation in PRKAG3 associated with excess glycogen content in pig skeletal muscle, Science, vol.288, issue.5469, pp.1248-51, 2000.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02699229

B. Millot, L. Montoliu, M. L. Fontaine, T. Mata, and E. Devinoy, Hormone-induced modifications of the chromatin structure surrounding upstream regulatory regions conserved between the mouse and rabbit whey acidic protein genes, Biochem J, vol.15, issue.372, pp.41-52, 2003.

S. Miyagawa, H. Murakami, Y. Takahagi, R. Nakai, M. Yamada et al., Remodeling of the major pig xenoantigen by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase III in transgenic pig, J Biol Chem, issue.42, pp.39310-39319, 2001.

C. Modin, F. S. Pedersen, and M. Duch, Lack of shielding of primer binding site silencermediated repression of an internal promoter in a retrovirus vector by the putative insulators scs, BEAD-1, and HS4, J Virol, vol.74, issue.24, pp.11697-707, 2000.

R. C. Moore, I. Y. Lee, G. L. Silverman, P. M. Harrison, R. Strome et al., Ataxia in prion protein (PrP)-deficient mice is associated with upregulation of the novel PrP-like protein doppel, J Mol Biol, vol.292, issue.4, pp.797-817, 1999.

D. P. Mortlock, C. Guenther, and D. M. Kingsley, A general approach for identifying distant regulatory elements applied to the gdf6 gene, Genome Res, vol.13, issue.9, pp.2069-81, 2003.

U. Muller, Ten years of gene targeting: targeted mouse mutants, from vector design to phenotype analysis, Mech Dev, vol.82, issue.1-2, pp.3-21, 1999.

P. Mulsant, F. Lecerf, S. Fabre, L. Schibler, P. Monget et al., Mutation in bone morphogenetic protein receptor-IB is associated with increased ovulation rate in Booroola Merino ewes, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.98, issue.9, pp.5104-5113, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02682603

J. P. Muyrers, Y. Zhang, G. Testa, and A. F. Stewart, Rapid modification of bacterial artificial chromosomes by ET-recombination, Nucleic Acids Res, vol.27, issue.6, pp.1555-1562, 1999.

M. Nagano, D. J. Watson, B. Y. Ryu, J. H. Wolfe, and R. L. Brinster, Lentiviral vector transduction of male germ line stem cells in mice, FEBS Lett, vol.524, issue.1-3, pp.111-116, 2002.

K. Narayanan, R. Williamson, Y. Zhang, A. F. Stewart, and P. A. Ioannou, Efficient and precise engineering of a 200 kb beta-globin human/bacterial artificial chromosome in E. coli DH10B using an inducible homologous recombination system, Gene Ther, vol.6, issue.3, pp.442-449, 1999.

J. Newell-price, C. Aj, and P. King, DNA methylation and silencing of gene expression, Trends Endocrinol Metab, vol.11, issue.4, pp.142-150, 2000.

T. Ninomiya, M. Hirabayashi, J. Sagara, and Y. A. , Functions of milk protein gene 5' flanking regions on human growth hormone gene, Mol Reprod Dev, vol.37, issue.3, pp.276-83, 1994.

E. Notarianni, L. S. Ng-a, and K. Sathasivam, Incorporation of cultured embryonic cells into transgenic and chimeric, porcine fetuses, Int J Dev Biol, vol.41, issue.3, pp.537-577, 1997.

T. Ogata, T. Kozuka, and T. Kanda, Identification of an insulator in AAVS1, a preferred region for integration of adeno-associated virus DNA, J Virol, vol.77, issue.16, pp.9000-9007, 2003.

A. Onishi, M. Iwamoto, T. Akita, S. Mikawa, K. Takeda et al., Pig cloning by microinjection of fetal fibroblast nuclei, Science, vol.289, issue.5482, pp.1188-90, 2000.

F. Palla, R. Melfi, L. Anello, D. Bernardo, M. Spinelli et al., Enhancer blocking activity located near the 3' end of the sea urchin early H2A histone gene, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.94, issue.6, pp.2272-2279, 1997.

R. D. Palmiter, R. L. Brinster, R. E. Hammer, M. E. Trumbauer, M. G. Rosenfeld et al., Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionein-growth hormone fusion genes, Nature, vol.300, issue.5893, pp.611-616, 1982.

J. Peng, Y. Zhu, M. J. Price, and D. H. , Identification of multiple cyclin subunits of human P-TEFb, Genes Dev, vol.12, issue.5, pp.755-62, 1998.

. Peoc'h-k, C. Serres, Y. Frobert, C. Martin, S. Lehmann et al., The human "prion-like" protein Doppel is expressed in both Sertoli cells and spermatozoa, J Biol Chem, issue.45, pp.43071-43079, 2002.

A. C. Perry, T. Wakayama, H. Kishikawa, T. Kasai, M. Okabe et al., Mammalian transgenesis by intracytoplasmic sperm injection, Science, vol.284, issue.5417, pp.1180-1183, 1999.

R. M. Petters and J. R. Sommer, Transgenic animals as models for human disease, Transgenic Res, vol.9, issue.4-5, pp.347-51, 2000.

C. J. Phelps, C. Koike, T. D. Vaught, J. Boone, K. D. Wells et al., Production of alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase-deficient pigs, Science, vol.299, issue.5605, pp.411-415, 2003.

L. Phi-van, V. Kries, J. P. , O. W. Stratling, and W. H. , The chicken lysozyme 5' matrix attachment region increases transcription from a heterologous promoter in heterologous cells and dampens position effects on the expression of transfected genes, Mol Cell Biol, vol.10, issue.5, pp.2302-2309, 1990.

. Phi-van-l and W. H. Stratling, Dissection of the ability of the chicken lysozyme gene 5' matrix attachment region to stimulate transgene expression and to dampen position effects, Biochemistry, vol.35, issue.33, pp.10735-10777, 1996.

S. Pierre, G. Jolivet, E. Devinoy, M. C. Theron, R. Malienou-n'gassa et al., A distal region enhances the prolactin induced promoter activity of the rabbit alpha s1-casein gene, Mol Cell Endocrinol, vol.87, issue.1-3, pp.147-56, 1992.

M. Pincon-raymond, P. Vicart, P. Bois, O. Chassande, G. Romey et al., Conditional immortalization of normal and dysgenic mouse muscle cells by the SV40 large T antigen under the vimentin promoter control, Dev Biol, vol.148, issue.2, pp.517-545, 1991.

C. A. Pinkert and J. D. Murray, Transgenic farm animals, pp.1-18, 1999.

G. J. Platenburg, E. P. Kootwijk, P. M. Kooiman, S. L. Woloshuk, J. H. Nuijens et al., Expression of human lactoferrin in milk of transgenic mice, Transgenic Res, vol.3, issue.2, pp.99-108, 1994.

P. Poggiali, G. L. Scoarughi, M. Lavitrano, P. Donini, and C. Cimmino, Construction of a swine artificial chromosome: a novel vector for transgenesis in the pig, Biochimie, vol.84, issue.11, pp.1143-50, 2002.

I. A. Polejaeva, S. H. Chen, T. D. Vaught, R. L. Page, J. Mullins et al., Cloned pigs produced by nuclear transfer from adult somatic cells, Nature, vol.407, issue.6800, pp.86-90, 2000.

S. D. Porter, J. Hu, and C. B. Gilks, Distal upstream tyrosinase S/MAR-containing sequence has regulatory properties specific to subsets of melanocytes, Dev Genet, vol.25, issue.1, pp.40-48, 1999.

M. H. Porteus and D. Baltimore, Chimeric nucleases stimulate gene targeting in human cells, Science, vol.300, issue.5620, p.763, 2003.

M. N. Prioleau, P. Nony, M. Simpson, and G. Felsenfeld, An insulator element and condensed chromatin region separate the chicken beta-globin locus from an independently regulated erythroid-specific folate receptor gene, EMBO J, vol.18, issue.14, pp.4035-4083, 1999.

S. B. Prusiner and . Prions, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.95, issue.23, pp.13363-83, 1998.

P. K. Qasba and S. K. Safaya, Similarity of the nucleotide sequences of rat alpha-lactalbumin and chicken lysozyme genes, Nature, vol.308, issue.5957, pp.377-80, 1984.

F. Recillas-targa, A. C. Bell, and G. Felsenfeld, Positional enhancer-blocking activity of the chicken beta-globin insulator in transiently transfected cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.96, issue.25, pp.14354-14363, 1999.

F. Recillas-targa, M. J. Pikaart, B. Burgess-beusse, A. C. Bell, M. D. Litt et al., Position-effect protection and enhancer blocking by the chicken beta-globin insulator are separable activities, Proc Natl Acad Sci, issue.10, pp.6883-6891, 2002.

M. Reitman and G. Felsenfeld, Developmental regulation of topoisomerase II sites and DNase I-hypersensitive sites in the chicken beta-globin locus, Mol Cell Biol, vol.10, issue.6, pp.2774-86, 1990.

W. M. Rideout, K. Eggan, and R. Jaenisch, Nuclear cloning and epigenetic reprogramming of the genome, Science, vol.293, issue.5532, pp.1093-1101, 2001.

T. Rijkers, A. Peetz, and U. Ruther, Insertional mutagenesis in transgenic mice, Transgenic Res, vol.3, issue.4, pp.203-218, 1994.

S. Rival-gervier-a, D. Thepot, G. Jolivet, and L. M. Houdebine, Pig whey acidic protein gene is surrounded by two ubiquitously expressed genes, Biochim Biophys Acta, vol.1627, issue.1, pp.7-14, 2003.

S. Rival-gervier-b, C. Maeder, G. Jolivet, D. Thépot, S. Prince et al., Pig WAP gene insulator is located further than 80 kb upstream of the transcription start point. Poster L 48, Transgenic animal research conference IV, 2003.

E. Robertson, A. Bradley, M. Kuehn, and M. Evans, Germ-line transmission of genes introduced into cultured pluripotential cells by retroviral vector, Nature, vol.323, issue.6087, pp.445-453, 1986.

G. Robertson, D. Garrick, W. Wu, M. Kearns, M. D. Whitelaw et al., Positiondependent variegation of globin transgene expression in mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.92, issue.12, pp.5371-5376, 1995.

J. M. Robl, P. Kasinathan, E. Sullivan, Y. Kuroiwa, K. Tomizuka et al., Artificial chromosome vectors and expression of complex proteins in transgenic animals, Theriogenology, vol.59, issue.1, pp.107-120, 2003.

D. Rossi, A. Cozzio, E. Flechsig, M. A. Klein, T. Rulicke et al., Onset of ataxia and Purkinje cell loss in PrP null mice inversely correlated with Dpl level in brain, EMBO J, vol.20, issue.4, pp.694-702, 2001.

N. S. Rudolph, Biopharmaceutical production in transgenic livestock, Trends Biotechnol, vol.17, issue.9, pp.367-74, 1999.

Z. Y. Ryoo, M. O. Kim, K. E. Kim, Y. Y. Bahk, J. W. Lee et al., Expression of recombinant human granulocyte macrophagecolony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) in mouse urine, Transgenic Res, vol.10, issue.3, pp.193-200, 2001.

N. Saitoh, A. C. Bell, F. Recillas-targa, A. G. West, M. Simpson et al., Structural and functional conservation at the boundaries of the chicken beta-globin domain, EMBO J, vol.19, issue.10, pp.2315-2337, 2000.

J. Sambrook and D. W. Russel, Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual, 2001.

F. Sanger, S. Nicklen, and A. R. Coulson, DNA sequencing with chain-terminating inhibitors, Biotechnology, vol.24, pp.104-112, 1977.

A. E. Schnieke, A. J. Kind, W. A. Ritchie, K. Mycock, A. R. Scott et al., Human factor IX transgenic sheep produced by transfer of nuclei from transfected fetal fibroblasts, Science, vol.278, issue.5346, pp.2130-2133, 1997.

Y. Shaked, H. Rosenmann, G. Talmor, and R. Gabizon, A C-terminal-truncated PrP isoform is present in mature sperm, J Biol Chem, vol.274, issue.45, pp.32153-32161, 1999.

M. Shani, I. Barash, M. Nathan, G. Ricca, G. H. Searfoss et al., Expression of human serum albumin in the milk of transgenic mice

, Transgenic Res, vol.1992, issue.5, pp.195-208

T. Shinohara, K. E. Orwig, A. Mr, and R. L. Brinster, Spermatogonial stem cell enrichment by multiparameter selection of mouse testis cells, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, issue.15, pp.8346-51, 2000.

G. L. Silverman, K. Qin, R. C. Moore, Y. Yang, P. Mastrangelo et al., Doppel is an N-glycosylated, glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein. Expression in testis and ectopic production in the brains of Prnp(0/0) mice predisposed to Purkinje cell loss, J Biol Chem, issue.35, pp.26834-26875, 2000.

O. Smithies, R. G. Gregg, S. S. Boggs, M. A. Koralewski, and R. S. Kucherlapati, Insertion of DNA sequences into the human chromosomal beta-globin locus by homologous recombination, Nature, issue.6034, pp.230-234, 1985.

I. Sola, J. Castilla, B. Pintado, J. M. Sanchez-morgado, C. B. Whitelaw et al., Transgenic mice secreting coronavirus neutralizing antibodies into the milk, J Virol, vol.72, issue.5, pp.3762-72, 1998.

S. Soulier, J. C. Mercier, J. L. Vilotte, A. J. Clark, A. J. Provot et al., The bovine and ovine genomes contain multiple sequences homologous to the alpha-lactalbuminencoding gene, Gene, vol.83, issue.2, pp.331-339, 1989.

S. Soulier, J. L. Vilotte, M. G. Stinnakre, and J. C. Mercier, Expression analysis of ruminant alpha-lactalbumin in transgenic mice: developmental regulation and general location of important cis-regulatory elements, FEBS Lett, vol.297, issue.1-2, pp.13-21, 1992.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02700988

S. Soulier, L. Lepourry, M. G. Stinnakre, B. Langley, L. Huillier et al., Introduction of a proximal Stat5 site in the murine alphalactalbumin promoter induces prolactin dependency in vitro and improves expression frequency in vivo, Transgenic Res, vol.8, issue.1, pp.23-31, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02692595

S. Soulier, M. Hudrisier, D. Silva, J. C. Maeder, C. Viglietta et al., Substitution of the alpha-lactalbumin transcription unit by a CAT cDNA within a BAC clone silenced the locus in transgenic mice without affecting the physically linked Cyclin T1 gene, Genet Sel Evol, vol.35, issue.2, pp.239-286, 2003.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02674950

C. Spana, H. Da, and C. Vg, The Drosophila melanogaster suppressor of Hairywing protein binds to specific sequences of the gypsy retrotransposon, Genes Dev, vol.2, issue.11, pp.1414-1437, 1988.

A. Stief, D. M. Winter, W. H. Stratling, and A. E. Sippel, A nuclear DNA attachment element mediates elevated and position-independent gene activity, Nature, vol.341, issue.6240, pp.343-348, 1989.

M. G. Stinnakre, J. L. Vilotte, S. Soulier, L. 'haridon, R. Charlier et al., The bovine alpha-lactalbumin promoter directs expression of ovine trophoblast interferon in the mammary gland of transgenic mice, FEBS Lett, vol.284, issue.1, pp.19-22, 1991.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02715716

M. G. Stinnakre, J. L. Vilotte, S. Soulier, and J. C. Mercier, Creation and phenotypic analysis of alpha-lactalbumin-deficient mice, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, issue.14, pp.6544-6552, 1994.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02700193

M. G. Stinnakre, S. Soulier, L. Schibler, L. Lepourry, J. C. Mercier et al., Positionindependent and copy-number-related expression of a goat bacterial artificial chromosome alpha-lactalbumin gene in transgenic mice, Biochem J, vol.339, pp.33-39, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02692919

A. W. Stowers, C. Lh, L. H. Zhang, Y. Kennedy, M. C. Zou et al., A recombinant vaccine expressed in the milk of transgenic mice protects Aotus monkeys from a lethal challenge with Plasmodium falciparum, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.99, issue.1, pp.339-383, 2002.

D. J. Symula, K. A. Frazer, Y. Ueda, P. Denefle, M. E. Stevens et al., Functional screening of an asthma QTL in YAC transgenic mice, Nat Genet, vol.23, issue.2, pp.241-245, 1999.

F. Taboit-dameron, B. Malassagne, C. Viglietta, C. Puissant, M. Leroux-coyau et al., Association of the 5'HS4 sequence of the chicken beta-globin locus control region with human EF1 alpha gene promoter induces ubiquitous and high expression of human CD55 and CD59 cDNAs in transgenic rabbits, Transgenic Res, vol.8, issue.3, pp.223-258, 1999.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02693736

K. Takase and K. E. Ebner, Interaction of galactosyltransferase with alpha-lactalbumin and substrates, Curr Top Cell Regul, vol.24, pp.51-62, 1984.

G. Testa, Y. Zhang, K. Vintersten, V. Benes, W. W. Pijnappel et al., Engineering the mouse genome with bacterial artificial chromosomes to create multipurpose alleles, Nat Biotechnol, vol.21, issue.4, pp.443-450, 2003.

K. R. Thomas and M. R. Capecchi, Site-directed mutagenesis by gene targeting in mouse embryo-derived stem cells, Cell, vol.51, issue.3, pp.503-515, 1987.

J. A. Thomson, J. Itskovitz-eldor, S. S. Shapiro, M. A. Waknitz, J. J. Swiergiel et al., Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blastocysts, Science, vol.282, issue.5391, pp.1145-1152, 1998.

K. Tomizuka, T. Shinohara, H. Yoshida, H. Uejima, A. Ohguma et al., Double trans-chromosomic mice: maintenance of two individual human chromosome fragments containing Ig heavy and kappa loci and expression of fully human antibodies, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol.97, issue.2, pp.722-729, 2000.

Y. J. Topper and C. S. Freeman, Multiple hormone interactions in the developmental biology of the mammary gland, Physiol Rev, vol.60, issue.4, pp.1049-106, 1980.

A. Udvardy, E. Maine, and P. Schedl, The 87A7 chromomere. Identification of novel chromatin structures flanking the heat shock locus that may define the boundaries of higher order domains, J Mol Biol, vol.185, issue.2, pp.341-58, 1985.

D. M. Valenzuela, A. J. Murphy, D. Frendewey, N. W. Gale, A. N. Economides et al., High-throughput engineering of the mouse genome coupled with high-resolution expression analysis, Nat Biotechnol, vol.21, issue.6, pp.652-661, 2003.

P. H. Van-berkel, M. M. Welling, M. Geerts, H. A. Van-veen, B. Ravensbergen et al., Large scale production of recombinant human lactoferrin in the milk of transgenic cows, Nat Biotechnol, vol.20, issue.5, pp.484-491, 2002.

P. J. Vickers, R. B. Dickson, R. Shoemaker, and K. H. Cowan, A multidrug-resistant MCF-7 human breast cancer cell line which exhibits cross-resistance to antiestrogens and hormone-independent tumor growth in vivo, Mol Endocrinol, vol.2, issue.10, pp.886-92, 1988.

J. L. Vilotte, S. Soulier, M. G. Stinnakre, M. Massoud, and J. C. Mercier, Efficient tissuespecific expression of bovine alpha-lactalbumin in transgenic mice, Eur J Biochem, vol.186, issue.1-2, pp.43-51, 1989.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02721399

J. L. Vilotte, S. Soulier, C. Printz, and J. C. Mercier, Sequence of the goat alpha-lactalbuminencoding gene: comparison with the bovine gene and evidence of related sequences in the goat genome, Gene, vol.98, issue.2, pp.271-277, 1991.

J. L. Vilotte, S. Soulier, and J. C. Mercier, Complete sequence of a bovine alpha-lactalbumin pseudogene: the region homologous to the gene is flanked by two directly repeated LINE sequences, Genomics, vol.16, issue.2, pp.529-561, 1993.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02708263

J. L. Vilotte, S. Soulier, R. Essalmani, M. G. Stinnakre, D. Vaiman et al., Markedly increased susceptibility to natural sheep scrapie of transgenic mice expressing ovine prp, J Virol, vol.75, issue.13, pp.5977-84, 2001.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02676550

J. L. Vilotte and H. Laude, Transgenesis applied to transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, Transgenic Res, vol.11, issue.6, pp.547-64, 2002.
URL : https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02672379

J. D. Wadsworth, G. S. Jackson, A. F. Hill, and J. Collinge, Molecular biology of prion propagation, Curr Opin Genet Dev, vol.9, issue.3, pp.338-383, 1999.

A. W. Wai, N. Gillemans, S. Raguz-bolognesi, S. Pruzina, G. Zafarana et al., HS5 of the human beta-globin locus control region: a developmental stage-specific border in erythroid cells, EMBO J, vol.22, issue.17, pp.4489-4500, 2003.

R. J. Wall, Pronuclear microinjection, Cloning Stem cells, vol.3, issue.4, pp.209-229, 2001.

Z. Q. Wang, F. Kiefer, P. Urbanek, and E. F. Wagner, Generation of completely embryonic stem cell-derived mutant mice using tetraploid blastocyst injection, Mech Dev, vol.62, issue.2, pp.137-182, 1997.

P. Wei, M. E. Garber, S. M. Fang, W. H. Fischer, and K. A. Jones, A novel CDK9-associated Ctype cyclin interacts directly with HIV-1 Tat and mediates its high-affinity, loopspecific binding to TAR RNA, Cell, vol.92, issue.4, pp.451-62, 1998.

C. Weissmann, Molecular genetics of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, J Biol Chem, vol.274, issue.1, pp.3-6, 1999.

A. G. West, M. Gaszner, and G. Felsenfeld, Insulators: many functions, many mechanisms, Genes Dev, vol.16, issue.3, pp.271-88, 2002.

M. B. Wheeler, Development and validation of swine embryonic stem cells: a review, Reprod Fertil Dev, vol.6, issue.5, pp.563-571, 1994.

C. B. Whitelaw, S. Harris, M. Mcclenaghan, J. P. Simons, and A. J. Clark, Position-independent expression of the ovine beta-lactoglobulin gene in transgenic mice, Biochem J, vol.286, pp.31-40, 1992.

C. B. Whitelaw, A. J. Springbett, W. J. Clark, and J. , The majority of G0 transgenic mice are derived from mosaic embryos, Transgenic Res, vol.2, issue.1, pp.29-32, 1993.

C. B. Whitelaw and D. M. Bruce, Does genetic modification violate intrinsic value?, Trends Biotechnol, vol.20, issue.12, pp.488-497, 2002.

D. A. Willoughby, A. Vilalta, and R. G. Oshima, An Alu element from the K18 gene confers position-independent expression in transgenic mice, J Biol Chem, vol.275, issue.2, pp.759-68, 2000.

I. Wilmut, A. E. Schnieke, J. Mcwhir, A. J. Kind, and K. H. Campbell, Viable offspring derived from fetal and adult mammalian cells, Nature, vol.385, issue.6619, pp.810-813, 1997.

A. Winter, W. Kramer, F. A. Werner, S. Kollers, S. Kata et al., Association of a lysine-232/alanine polymorphism in a bovine gene encoding acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) with variation at a quantitative trait locus for milk fat content, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, issue.14, pp.9300-9305, 2002.

S. A. Wood, W. S. Pascoe, C. Schmidt, R. Kemler, M. J. Evans et al., Simple and efficient production of embryonic stem cell-embryo chimeras by coculture, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.90, issue.10, pp.4582-4587, 1993.

X. W. Yang, P. Model, and N. Heintz, Homologous recombination based modification in Escherichia coli and germline transmission in transgenic mice of a bacterial artificial chromosome, Nat Biotechnol, vol.15, issue.9, pp.859-65, 1997.

M. Zahn-zabal, M. Kobr, P. A. Girod, M. Imhof, P. Chatellard et al., Development of stable cell lines for production or regulated expression using matrix attachment regions, J Biotechnol, vol.87, issue.1, pp.29-42, 2001.

B. Zavizion, M. Van-duffelen, W. Schaeffer, and I. Politis, Establishment and characterization of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line with unique properties, In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim, vol.32, issue.3, pp.138-186, 1996.

Y. Zhan, J. L. Brady, A. M. Johnston, and A. M. Lew, Predominant transgene expression in exocrine pancreas directed by the CMV promoter, DNA Cell Biol, vol.19, issue.11, pp.639-684, 2000.

Y. Zhu, M. C. Jong, K. A. Frazer, E. Gong, R. M. Krauss et al., Genomic interval engineering of mice identifies a novel modulator of triglyceride production, Proc Natl Acad Sci, vol.97, issue.3, pp.1137-1179, 2000.

. Cgagtgttct, . Tgggggcagg, and . Gtctacaagc,

A. Accctttgta,

A. Cttggcttta,

. Gtttatttcc, . Caggaagtga, and . Ctgtcagatg,

A. Tcaccttgaa and . Tgtatactcc-agtttatttg,

A. Cttgtctgca,

A. Gaagcgtttg, C. Caaatagcta-ctactctcct-1451, and . Gacttatttg,

. Ggctgcattt, . Aaatgctgtt, and . Ccctaagcaa,

A. Catcctgagg,

T. Gagctgtggt-ctcagcgtag-atctacagat-agagctggag-ccctactttg-1651, . Cagtcagtta, and . Gagctcctta-tcctggacag,

. Gattgactca, . Gtttgagcca, and . Atagtgtagg,

A. Ctagcgtggg, C. Tggacacact-gactgaacaa-1851, and . Ggtcatggtt, , 1901.

G. Gcacctgcaa, , 2001.

A. Acccatcctt,

A. Ctgaagccct,

A. Gctgtcggat and . Cttcttcccg-agtgcactta,

C. Gggcttgcca-gctcccattg-gagggctgaa-attgctaatg-actgtgacat-10001, . Tgacatggca, C. Cgtttctcac-gccagtgatc-10051, . Caggtcaggt, and . Gcctctgcac-cttttcgcgg,

. Gcttctcctc, . Gctcccttct, and . Gcagctccct,

A. Tcctgaaaag, T. Gcaaggaaga-aggtgcctcc-10401, . Cttgagcact, and . Ctatgtggtc-ctagg-annexe, Séquence de la région de 10 kb

, Les oligonucléotides, dont la séquence et la position ont été reportées dans la Table 5.1, sont représentés en italique et souligné pour les oligonucléotides « sens » et en gras pour les « antisens ». Les régions grisées représentent les sondes utilisées dans cette région