Plants are attacked by pathogens and herbivores with a wide range of lifestyles, both belowground and aboveground. These pathogens and herbivores often co-occur on the same host plant, even though one of them may be in the roots and the other in the shoots. It has long been known that pathogens and herbivores can affect each other when sharing the same part of the plant, but more recently it has been shown that these interactions can span the belowground–aboveground divide. Root pathogens, for instance, can affect foliar herbivores, and, vice versa, foliar herbivores can affect root pathogens. Likewise, root herbivores can affect foliar pathogens and, vice versa, foliar pathogens can affect root herbivores. Such cross-compartment interactions are indirect (i.e., plant-mediated) and may involve induction and priming of common plant defenses, or altered plant quality. This chapter will review the literature and present a framework for this novel type of aboveground–belowground interactions between pathogens and herbivores.