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07/061, ministere de la santé français 1

1000143, MR/M012190/1; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C8221/A29017; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Imperial College London; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

179 2017SGR1085 Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC Wellcome Trust, WT: 205212/Z/16/Z National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C570/A11692, C570/A16491 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF European Commission, EC Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF: 01EO1303 Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, AGAUR Ligue Contre le Cancer Vetenskapsrådet, VR NordForsk Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Institut Gustave-Roussy Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN European Regional Development Fund, ERDF: ERC2009‐AdG 232997, PI13/00061, PI13/01162, PI14/01219, PI17/01280 Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF 1

1999SGR 00241; 15/0025, 17/00260, 20/0006, FIS-FEDER PI16/1288, FIS-FEDER PI19/1338, FIS-FEDER-PI03–1615, FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867, FIS-PI04/1436, FIS-PI08/1151, FIS-PI11/00610; MC_UU_00011/5; National Institutes of Health, NIH: R37 HD034568; National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, NIDDK: R01 DK10324; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NINDS: 06A1, 1 UO1 NS 047537–01; National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, NIEHS: N01-ES-75558, Z01-ES-49019; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, AMED: JPMH18950314, JPMH19188595; Wellcome Trust, WT: 102215/2/13/2; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 874583; Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_12013_1, MC_UU_12013_2, MC_UU_12013_5, MC_UU_12013_8, WT088806; Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, BBSRC: BB/I025263/1, BB/I025751/1; European Commission, EC: 261357; European Research Council, ERC: 268479; University of Bristol; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, KAKEN; Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Monbusho: JP15H04780, JP16H02645, JP18H03035, JP18K10022, JP18K10042, JP19H01071, JP19K10576, JP19K10636, JP19K20457, JP19K22730, JPMEERF20145054, JPMEERF20175053, JPMEERF20205002; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Generalitat Valenciana, GVA: 090,430, BEST/2020/059; Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, MHLW: JPMH14427175, JPMH17932352, JPMH19189425; Helse- og Omsorgsdepartementet; Ministry of Environment, MOE: 2017001360005; Korea Environmental Industry and Technology Institute, KEITI; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: CB06/02/0041, INMA G03/176; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, MICINN: MTM2015-68140-R; Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: R01HL111108, R01NR013945; Norges Forskningsråd: 221097; Institut National Du Cancer, INCa; Horizon 2020: 733206; Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, MIC: JPMI10001; Consejería de Educación e Investigación 1

2018-1-PL SHS-06-CIRC-1 LSHM_CT_2006_037197 HEALTH24 F2-2012-279233 PI13/00061, PI13/01162 2018-123 RD06/0020 G0800270, MR/ L003120/1 Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, IARC National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1 British Heart Foundation, BHF: 26 RG/08/014, RG13/ 13/30194, SP/09/002 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF European Commission, EC European Research Council, ERC: 268834 Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Vetenskapsrådet, VR Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: GR-IARC-2003-09-12-01 Direction Générale de la Compétitivité, de l’Industrie et des Services, DGCIS Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe 1

2019_11235/Conseil Régional des Pays de la Loire754995/European Commission 1

2102 918823 Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR: ANR-10-COHO-0006 Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Institut Gustave-Roussy Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: INCa_13539 Ligue Contre le Cancer 1

2102 918823; NCT03285230; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR: ANR-10-COHO-0006; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: INCa_13539; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN 1

2103 586016, ANR-10-COHO-0006; World Health Organization, WHO; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Imperial College London; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM: ECO201906009060; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

223268/F50Norges ForskningsrÃ¥dInternational Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA K41013 1

43, American College of Toxicology 1

6236, PI13/00061, PI13/01162 Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, IARC Stand Up To Cancer, SU2C National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: 1000143, MR/M012190/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C570/A16491, C8221/A19170 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF European Commission, EC Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer Vetenskapsrådet, VR Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Fondation Gustave Roussy Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF 1

6e PCRD de la Commission européenne 1

847782/EC | Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation H2020PROGR-AM/Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency) 1

Abbvie 1

Academy of Finland [206038, 121647] 1

Acknowledgements. This work benefited from the support of the project POLLUS-COPE ANR-15-CE22-0018 of the French National Research Agency (ANR). It has been also supported by the MASTER project that has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie-Slodowska Curie grant agreement N. 777695. 1

ADEME 30

ADEME (Agence pour le développement et la maîtrise de l'énergie) Programme SBSS Sciences biomédicales-santé-société (INSERM-CNRS) ATC Environnement santé du Ministère de la recherche Programme "Analyse des discours de santé publique" MSH Bretagne 1

ADEME. Appel à projet de recherche GRAINE 2016. Contrat n°1703C0003 1

ADEME Appel à projet de recherche : MODEVAL-URBA 2014 N° de contrat : 1416C0004 1

ADEME - APR PRIMEQUAL-2020 1

ADEME- APR PRIMEQUAL 2020 1

Ademe - APR TEES 1

ADEME-ENAFILIA 1

ADEME, France 2

ADEME (N TEZ17-42) 1

ADEME, OTEIS 1

ADEME, Programme Déchets et Société 1

ADEME (Programme déchets et sociétés) 1

ADEME, programme "observation de la recherche sur le développement durable de la ville" 1

ADEME Programme PACT2e 1

ADEME, Programme PRIMEQUAL 1

ADEME projet SAM , 1982C0034. 1

ADEME / PUCA 1

ADEME, PUCA, LabEx AE&CC 2

ADEME, UGA, CNRS, GEM, CEA 1

ADEME, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA-Tech, Grenoble Ecole de Management 1

AESN 1

AF Centre of Excellence and FiDiPro programs [251314, 263246] 1

AFD 2

Agence de la Biomédecine, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale and "Association pour l'Utilisation du Rein Artificiel" (AURA). H.D. is the recipient of a "Contrat d'Interface" from Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris. 1

Agence de l’Eau Artois-Picardie (Convention N° 99371) 1

Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l' Energie (ADEME) 1

Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (ADEME) 1

Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Énergie (ADEME) 3

Agence Française de Développement 4

'Agence française de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (Ademe, convention n° 07 10 C 0019), projet climencored 1

Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé 1

Agence française pour la biodiversité 2

Agence National de la Recherche [ANR Blan06-2\₁39420] 1

Agence Nationale de la Recherche 4

Agence Nationale de la Recherche - ANR 1

Agence Nationale de la Recherche [ANR-23-CE07-0003, ANR-19-CE09-0018]; French National Research Agency (ANR) 1

Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Association Sorbonne UniversitÃ© Institut National de la SantÃ© et de la Recherche MÃ©dicale, Inserm 1

Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR: ANR-10-COHO-0004 1

Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 654109 Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR 1

Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 777695 1

Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR; Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 1

Agence nationale de la recherche, the Caisse Nationale d'Assurance Maladie-CNAM, the Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique/Institut Thématique Santé Publique, the Ministère de la santé et des sports, the Ministère délégué à la recherche, the Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, the Institut national du cancer and the Caisse nationale de solidarité pour l'autonomie. CONSTANCES is also partly funded by MSD and and L'Oréal through INSERM-Transfert. 1

Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales 1

Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé 1

Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail 3

Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail - ANSES 1

Agence nationale pour la cohésion des territoires (ANCT) ; Banque des territoires de la Caisse des dépôts et consignations (CDC); Institut pour la recherche de la Caisse des dépôts et des consignations, du Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire ; DGALN / Plan Urbanisme, Construction et Architecture (PUCA) ; Union Sociale de l'Habitat (USH) 1

Agence Nationale pour la Gestion des Déchets Radioactifs - ANDRA 1

Agence Régionale de Santé de Picardie, La Ligue contre le cancer, le Conseil Départemental de la Somme, and AstraZeneca. 1

Agence Régionale de Santé Hauts-de-France 1

Agence Regionale de sante-Regional health agency 1

Agences d'Urbanisme Vallée de la Seine 1

Agglomération Grand Dole 1

Agnès Rigouzzo 1

A grant from l’Association pour le Développement de la Réanimation (ADR, Nantes). 1

Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung 1

Allocation de recherche (années 2006, 2007, 2008) du Conseil Régional Rhône-Alpes à travers le programme Emergence (projet n°1267) 1

ALSPAC. ALSPAC study is extremely grateful to all the families who took part in this study, the midwives for their help in recruiting them, and the whole ALSPAC team, which includes interviewers, computer and laboratory technicians, clerical workers, research scientists, volunteers, managers, receptionists and nurses. We would like to acknowledge Oliver Lyttleton, Hashem Shihab, Nabila Kazmi and Geoff Woodward for their earlier contribution to the generation of ARIES data (ALSPAC methylation data). INMA, The authors would like to thank all the participants for their generous collaboration. full roster of the INMA project investigators can be found at http://www.proyectoinma.org/presentacion-inma/listado-investigadores/en_listado-investigadores.html. MoBa, The authors would also like to thank Ingvild Essen for thorough field work, Heidi Marie Nordheim for biological sample management and the MoBa administrative unit (MoBa). The MoBa Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research. We are grateful to all the participating families in Norway who take part in this on-going cohort study. Project Viva, Project Viva researchers would like to thank all mothers, children and families for their ongoing participation. RHEA, The authors would like to thank Georgia Chalkiadaki and Danai Feida for biological sample management, to Eirini Michalaki, Mariza Kampouri, Anny Kyriklaki and Minas Iakovidis for field study performance and to Maria Fasoulaki for administrative assistance. SAPPORO-HOKKAIDO, We would like to express our appreciation to all of the study participants of the Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children? Health. We also express our profound gratitude to all personnel in the hospitals and clinics that collaborated with the study, including Sapporo Toho Hospital, Keiai Hospital, Endo Kikyo Maternity Clinic, Shiroishi Hospital, Memuro Municipal Hospital, Aoba Ladies Clinic, Obihiro-Kyokai Hospital, Akiyama Memorial Hospital, Sapporo Medical University Hospital, Hokkaido University Hospital, Kitami Red Cross Hospital, Hoyukai Sapporo Hospital, Gorinbashi Hospital, Hashimoto Clinic, Asahikawa Medical College Hospital, Hakodate Central General Hospital, Ohji General Hospital, Nakashibetsu Municipal Hospital, Sapporo Tokushukai Hospital, Asahikawa Red Cross Hospital, Wakkanai City Hospital, Kushiro Rosai Hospital, Sapporo-Kosei General Hospital, Shibetsu City General Hospital, Nikko Memorial Hospital, Sapporo City General Hospital, Kohnan Hospital, Hakodate City Hospital, Hokkaido Monbetsu Hospital, Tenshi Hospital, Hakodate Goryoukaku Hospital, Nakamura Hospital, Kin-ikyo Sapporo Hospital, Kitami Lady's Clinic, Engaru-Kosei General Hospital, Kushiro Red Cross Hospital, Nayoro City General Hospital, and Obihiro-Kosei General Hospital. We also deeply express our gratitude to the staff of The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children's Health for their considerable efforts to support our study, including N. Goto, O. Hayashi, T. Hikichi, N. Kanda, K. Kunita, K. Miura, Y. Shibasaki, K. Sugawara, K. Tanaka, E. Toyama, and T. Yoshikawa. Special thanks to Ms. Mimi Takahashi on her effort to support writing this manuscript.ALSPAC study was funded by the UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors, PY and CR, who will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website (http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf). The Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomics Studies (ARIES), was funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I025751/1 and BB/I025263/1). Additional epigenetic profiling of ALSPAC was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit and the University of Bristol (MC_UU_12013_1, MC_UU_12013_2, MC_UU_12013_5 and MC_UU_12013_8), the Wellcome Trust (WT088806) and the United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01 DK10324). PY and CR are supported by the UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00011/5).Main funding of the epigenetic studies in INMA were grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176, CB06/02/0041), Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS-PI04/1436, FIS-PI08/1151 including FEDER funds, FIS-PI11/00610, FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867, FIS-FEDER-PI03?1615, FIS-FEDER PI16/1288, FIS-FEDER PI19/1338; Miguel Servet FEDER 15/0025 and 20/0006; FIS-FSE: 17/00260), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241, Generalitat Valenciana BEST/2020/059, Fundacio ? La Marato ? de TV3 (090,430), EU Commission (261357-MeDALL: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), and European Research Council (268479-BREATHE: Brain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in school childrEn).This study was supported by the Korean Environment Industry & Technology Institute (KEITI) through ?the Environmental Health Action Program?, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment (2017001360005).The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research, NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558), NIH/NINDS (grant no.1 UO1 NS 047537?01 and grant no.2 UO1 NS 047537?06A1). MoBa1 and MoBa 2 are supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (Z01-ES-49019) and Norwegian Research Council/BIOBANK (grant no 221097). The work in MoBa3 was supported in part by a Postdoctoral Fellowship grant from the Ulleval Hospitals Research Council (now under Oslo University Hospital) and travel grants from the Unger-Vetlesens foundation and the Norwegian American Womens Club, all to M.C.M.K. MoBa3 epigenomics data analyses were funded by INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM, France, and the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C), and performed by the Epigenetics Group at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, Lyon, France), A.G. was supported by the grant from INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM (France, 2015) to Z.H. and also by the IARC Postdoctoral Fellowship, partially supported by the EC FP7 Marie Curie Actions-People-Co-funding of regional, national and international programmes (COFUND).The Project Viva cohort is funded by NIH grants R01HL111108, R01NR013945, and R37 HD034568.The Rhea project was financially supported by European projects, and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention of Obesity and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Preschool Children, in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece: 2011?2014; ?Rhea Plus': Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health: 2012?2015). The work was also supported by MICINN (MTM2015-68140-R), Centro Nacional de Genotipado-CEGEN-PRB2-ISCIII, the H2020-EU.3.1.2. - Preventing Disease Programme (grant agreement no 874583) (ATHLETE project), and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant Agreement number: 733206) (Early Life stressors and Lifecycle Health (LIFECYCLE)).The Hokkaido-Sapporo Study is supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (JPMH14427175, JPMH19189425, JPMH17932352); the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (JP16H02645, JP19H01071, JP18H03035, JP15H04780, JP19K10576, JP19K10636, JP18K10042, JP18K10022, JP19K22730, JP19K20457); and an Environment Research and Technology Development fund (JPMEERF20145054, JPMEERF20175053, JPMEERF20205002); AMED (JPMH19188595, JPMH18950314); and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (JPMI10001). 1

ALSPAC study was funded by the UK Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust (grant ref: 102215/2/13/2 ) and the University of Bristol provide core support for ALSPAC. This publication is the work of the authors, PY and CR, who will serve as guarantors for the contents of this paper. A comprehensive list of grants funding is available on the ALSPAC website ( http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/external/documents/grant-acknowledgements.pdf ). The Accessible Resource for Integrated Epigenomics Studies (ARIES), was funded by the UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council ( BB/I025751/1 and BB/I025263/1 ). Additional epigenetic profiling of ALSPAC was supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit and the University of Bristol ( MC_UU_12013_1 , MC_UU_12013_2 , MC_UU_12013_5 and MC_UU_12013_8 ), the Wellcome Trust ( WT088806 ) and the United States National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases ( R01 DK10324 ). PY and CR are supported by the UK MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit ( MC_UU_00011/5 ). 1

Amgen; Bristol-Myers Squibb, BMS; Pfizer; AstraZeneca; Bayer; Roche; Sanofi; Meso Scale Diagnostics, MSD; Les Laboratories Pierre Fabre; MSD France; Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé; Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: PHRC-K 2019 Inca-DGOS_14333, PRT-K 2020–15324; Servier; Institut Servier 1

Anaïs Codorniu; Anne Roche; Commission Nationals de l'Informatique et des Libertés; Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation; Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l’Innovation; Fabien Marquion; Florence Sarfati 1

Andra 1

A.N. is supported by a postdoctoral grant from the Lefoulon-Delalande Foundation. The PPS3 was and is supported by grants from the National Research Agency (ANR); the Region Ile de France (Domaine d’Intérêt Majeur); the Research Foundation for Hypertension (RFHTA); the Research Institute in Public Health (IRESP); Horizon 2020 ESCAPE-NET; the INSERM International Research Project; and ‘Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale’ (FRM) Team grant. The CoLaus|PsyCoLaus study was and is supported by research grants from GlaxoSmithKline, the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne, the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 33CS30_177535, and 3247730_204523), and the Swiss Personalized Health Network (grant 2018DRI01). None of the mentioned sources of funding had any role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision in preparing or to publish the manuscript. 1

ANR 1

ANR-10-COHO-10-01 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP 1

ANR-13-CESA-0009 1

ANRS 0003S COCOPREV (NCT04885452) 1

ANRU, Métropole Européenne de Lille 1

Anses 2

ANSES 1

Anses (2015-CRD-29, 2018-CRD-20) 1

ANSES EST call on Environmental and Occupational Health 1

ANSES PNREST 2020_1_245 (PESTINTER) 1

ANSP 1

AOM 03018 1

AOM 09 195; Amgen; Pfizer; Novartis; AbbVie; Meso Scale Diagnostics, MSD; Novartis Pharma; Janssen Pharmaceuticals; MSD France; Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé; Société Française de Dermatologie et de Pathologie Sexuellement Transmissible, SFD: JMD/MDM/177-11, NCT01617018; Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé, ANSM; LEO Pharma Research Foundation; Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris 1

APESA 1

APHP 1

AP-HP, Créteil, Surgical ICU; Damien Roux; French Ministry of Health and Prevention; Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, MoHERI 1

Appel à projet de recherche ADEME : MODEVAL-URBA 2014 - N° de contrat : 1416C0004 1

Appel à projets de recherche « égalité des chances à l’école », 2012, Direction de l’évaluation, de la prospective et de la performance (DEPP), le Défenseur des droits, et le Commissariat général à l’égalité des territoires (CGEt, Acsé) 1

APR TEES ADEME Convention n°2066C004 1

ARS Normandie 1

ARS Réunion 1

AS-M is supported by the European Science Foundation and the French Ministry of Research. MM is supported by an MRC Research Professorship, MK by the Academy of Finland (grants 117604, 124322 and 124271) and MS by the British Heart Foundation. The Whitehall II study is supported by the Medical Research Council; British Heart Foundation; Health and Safety Executive; Department of Health; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (HL36310), National Institute on Aging; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); and the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation 1

A. S.-M. was supported by a "Chaire d'excellence, 2004" award from the French Ministry of Research. The Whitehall II study has been supported by grants from the Medical Research Council; the British Heart Foundation; the Health and Safety Executive; the Department of Health; the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant HL36310); the US National Institute on Aging; the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (grant HS06516); and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health. M. M. was supported by a Medical Research Council research professorship. 1

Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris (APHP-CRC, FESFM) [01020, P010605] 1

Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris 1

Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris 1

Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris,Grant/Award Number: CRC08025 1

Association FranÃ§aise du Syndrome d'Ondine 1

Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer 2

Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) 1

Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer - ARC 1

Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro 3

Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung; Cancer Research UK, Grant/Award Numbers: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170; Cancerfonden; Catalan Institute of Oncology Barcelona; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer; County Council of Skåne Sweden; County Council of Västerbotten Sweden; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; Directorate‐General for Health and Consumers; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS); Dutch Prevention Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland); Health Research Fund (FIS‐ISCIII) Spain; Institut Gustave‐Roussy; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Kræftens Bekæmpelse; Ligue Contre le Cancer; LK Research Funds; Medical Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: MC_UU_00011/6, MR/M012190/1; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale; National Research Council Italy; Netherlands Cancer Registry; Regional Government of Andalucía; Regional Government of Asturias; Regional Government of Basque Country; Regional Government of Murcia; Regional Government of Navarra; Statistics Netherlands; Vetenskapsrådet; World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF); Institut Gustave Roussy; International Agency for Research on Cancer; European Commission (DG‐SANCO) Funding information 1

Astellas. 1

AsTRES, Institut du Tourisme de la Côte d'Azur, Laboratoire ESPACE, Métropole Nice Côte d'Azur/Ville de Nice 1

Australian National Health and Medical Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: 1074383, 209057, 396414, GNT1163120; Cancer Council Victoria (Australia); Cancer Research UK, Grant/Award Numbers: C570/ A16491, C8221/A19170, C864/A14136; Catalan Institute of Oncology ‐ ICO (Spain); Danish Cancer Society; Deutsche Krebshilfe, the Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (Germany); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; European Commission (Directorate General for Health and Consumer Affairs); Foundation for Alcohol Research and Education (Australia); French Ministry of Health, Grant/Award Number: Grant GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01; Health Research Fund (FIS) ‐ Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra; Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France); Italian Association for Research on Cancer and the National Research Council (Italy); Ligue Contre le Cancer (France); LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, the Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland; Medical Research Council (UK), Grant/Award Numbers: MC‐UU_12015/1, MR/M012190/1, MR/N003284/1; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) (the Netherlands); Netherlands Cancer Registry; Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Stroke Association, the British Heart Foundation, the Department of Health, the Food Standards Agency and the Wellcome Trust (UK); Swedish Cancer Society, the Swedish Scientific Council and the Regional Government of Skåne (Sweden); the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); VicHealth (Australia); World Cancer Research Fund and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); the Institut Gustave Roussy Funding information 1

Authors would like to thank RIIDFCM CYTED (209RT0380) network for supporting collaborative research on development of bioactive metal-based compounds and RIDIMEDCHAG CYTED, and also the financial support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT, Portugal), PEst-OE/QUI/UI0100/2011 and CIÊNCIA2007, and the Portuguese NMR and Mass SpectrometryNetworks (IST-UTL Centers). The crystallographic work was supported by CONICET (PIP 1529), and by ANPCyT (PME06 2804 and PICT06 2315) of Argentina. G.A.E. and O.E.P are research fellows of CONICET. M.A.C. acknowledges the support of the Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII; Innova Uruguay, Agreement No. DCI-ALA/2007/19.040 between Uruguay and the European Commission). AFMstudieswere supported byMinisterio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO, CTQ2011-27929-C02-01) and performed by Rosa Brissos. M.F. acknowledges the support of the Agencia Nacional de Investigación e Innovación (ANII, Uruguay) grant iINI_X_2010_2_3105. 1

Avec le soutien de l'ADEME et de la Banque des territoire 1

Avec le soutien du ministère de la Culture et de la Communication (Direction de la musique et de la danse; Département de la chanson, des musiques traditionnelles et de la pratique amateur ; Direction de l'administration générale et de l'environnement culturel; Département des études et de la prospective), du ministère de l'Education nationale (Direction des lycées et collèges) et de l'Université Rennes II, Haute-Bretagne. 1

Banque Mondiale 1

Bastien Lamarque was partly supported by a doctoral grant from the French “Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation”. This work was supported by: (1) the JERICO-NEXT project (European Union's Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation program under grant agreement no. 654410), (2) the VOG project (LEFE-CYBER and EC2CO-PNEC), and (3) the MAGMA project (COTE cluster of Excellence ANR-10-LABX-45). It also benefited from additional fundings allocated by the Conseil Régional Nouvelle-Aquitaine and the Office Français de la Biodiversité. Operations at sea were funded by the French Oceanographic Fleet. 1

Borders 1

Bourse de recherche ADEME (2004-2007) co-financée par EDF R&D 1

Bourse de thèse du Cerema 1

Bourse Georges Lurcy, Commission Franco-Américaine Fulbright d'Échanges universitaires et culturels 1

BQR Métropole européenne de Lille 1

BRGM/DEPA division 1

Bristol-Myers Squibb, BMS; GlaxoSmithKline, GSK; Johnson and Johnson, J&J; Roche; United Therapeutics Corporation; Chiesi Farmaceutici; Boehringer Ingelheim; Janssen Pharmaceuticals; Merck Sharp and Dohme, MSD; Bayer HealthCare, BHC; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR: ANR-18-RHUS-0006, DESTINATION 2024; Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: PHRC 2014–0123 1

British Heart Foundation; Cancer Research UK; Centre de Recherche et d'Information Nutritionnelles; Danish Cancer Society; Department of Health; Dutch Ministry of Public Health , Welfare and Sports; Dutch Prevention Funds; Dutch ZON; European Commission; FIS; German Cancer Aid; German Cancer Research Centre; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Greek Ministry of Education; Greek Ministry of Health; Health Research Fund; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; Institute Gustave Roussy; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Italian National Research Council; LK Research Funds; Ligue contre le Cancer; Medical Research Council; Mutuelle Générale de l’Éducation Nationale; National Cancer Institute; Norwegian Cancer Society; Norwegian Research Council; Regional Government of Skane; SANCO; Société 3 M; Spanish Ministry of Health; Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucía; Stroke Association; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Scientific Council; Wellcome Trust; World Cancer Research Fund; World Cancer Research Fund International; National Cancer Institute, NCI; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Kreftforeningen, NCS; Wellcome Trust, WT; World Cancer Research Fund International, WCRF, (WCRF 2012/590); Medical Research Council, MRC; British Heart Foundation, BHF; Department of Health and Social Care, DH; Cancer Research UK, CRUK; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Stroke Association; European Commission, EC, (FP7-PEOPLE-618308, R01CA74846); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, CNR; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Norges Forskningsråd; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía 1

British Heart Foundation; Cancer Research UK Manchester Centre; Catalan Institute of Oncology; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer; Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Department of Health; Food Standards Agency; Wellcome Trust; Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; European Research Council (ERC); Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Institut Gustave‐Roussy; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC‐Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford); National Research Council; Nordic Center of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health; Regional Government of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Regional Governments of Andalucía; Stavros Niarchos Foundation; Stroke Association; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Scientific Council; European Commission (DG‐SANCO); The French League Against Cancer; The French National Cancer Institute (INCa); French National Institute of Health and Medical Research; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) and Statistics Netherlands; World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) Funding information 1

Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung 4

Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières (BRGM) 1

Caisse d'Assurance Retraite et de la Sante au Travail-Pension and Occupational Health Insurance Fund 1

Caisse nationale de solidarité pour l'autonomie 4

Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, Haute Autorité de la Santé, Institut National de Prévention et d’Education pour la Santé, Conseils Régionaux de Bourgogne, Fondation de France, Ministry of Research-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Program, Cohortes et collections de don-nées biologiques, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut de la Longévité, Conseil Général de la Côte d’or, National Institute on Aging (R01AG034454 to S.S.; R01AG013196 to J.H.), French National Research Agency (C.T.), Fondation Plan Alzheimer (C.T.). 1

Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, MGEN, Institut de la Longévité, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, régions Aquitaine, Bourgogne et Languedoc-Roussillon, Fondation de France, programme du Ministère de la Recherche et Inserm 'Cohortes et collection de données biologiques' et Novartis 1

Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, MGEN, Institut de la Longévité, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, Régions Aquitaine, Bourgogne et Languedoc-Roussillon, Fondation de France, programme Ministère de la recherche-Insermof Research-Inserm Cohortes et collection de données biologiques 1

Campus France 1

Cancerfonden 2

Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, CPRIT; International Arctic Research Center, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, IARC; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; National Research Council, NRC; World Cancer Research Fund International, WCRF: WCRF 2015/1391; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: 1000143, MC‐UU_12015/1, MR/M012190/1, MR/N003284/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C8221/A29017, C864/A14136, RR200056; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; University of Cambridge; Imperial College London; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC; Wereld Kanker Onderzoek Fonds, WKOF 1

Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT) Rising Stars Award; Wereld Kanker Onderzoek Fonds (WKOF), World Cancer Research Fund International, Grant/Award Number: WCRF 2015/1391; International Agency for Research on Cancer; Imperial College London; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre; Danish Cancer Society; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Institut Gustave Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; German Cancer Aid; German Cancer Research Center; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐Rehbruecke (DIfE); Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy; Compagnia di SanPaolo; National Research Council; Dutch Ministry of Public Health; Welfare and Sports (VWS); Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds; Dutch Prevention Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland); World Cancer Research Fund; Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Fondo de Investigaciones Sanitarias (FIS; Spanish Health Research Fund); Instituto de Salud Carlos III; Regional Governments of Andalucía; Catalan Institute of Oncology ‐ ICO; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Research Council; County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten; Medical Research Council, Grant/Award Numbers: MC‐UU_12015/1, MR/N003284/1, MR/M012190/1, 1000143; Cancer Research UK, Grant/Award Numbers: C864/A14136, C8221/A29017, 14136; Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, Grant/Award Number: RR200056 Funding information ε ε δ 1

Cancer Research UK 3

Catalan Institute of Oncology 3

Catalan Institute of Oncology; County Councils of Skåne; DIfE; Dutch Prevention Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland; German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam Rehbruecke; Health Research Fund; LK Research Funds; Compagnia di San Paolo, CSP; Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, ARC, (RF20180207126); Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation, MESRI, (2102 918823); National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, MoHERI; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; Medical Research Council, MRC, (MR/M012190/1); Cancer Research UK, CRUK, (C8221/A29017); World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Imperial College London; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR, (ANR-10-COHO-0006); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO 1

CC declares a consulting and advisory board for Amgen, Servier, and received honoria from Servier, Amgen. TA received honoraria from Servier, Pierre fabre, Amgen, AstraZeneca and declares consulting for Bioven, Servier, SIRTEC, MSD. RC received honoraria from MSD Oncology, Pierre Fabre, and Bristol-Myers Squibb, declares consulting from Exeliom Biosciences, Enterome Bioscience and received research funding from Servier Institute. OD received honoraria from Amgen, Sanofi, Merck Serono, MSD, Servier, Ipsen, Keocyt and declares consulting for Merck Serono, Sanofi, MSD, AstraZeneca, Novartis. LE declares consulting for BMS and Servier. FG declares research grant from Roche, AstraZeneca and consulting for Astrazenca, Roche, Sanofi, BMS, MSD, Merck-Serono, Amgen. EL declares consulting for Roche, Servier, Ipsen, Bayer, BTG, MSD. CN received honoraria from Amgen, AstraZeneca, Baxter, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Fresenius Kabi, Incyte Biosciences, Merck, MSD, Mylan, Novartis, Nutricia, Pierre Fabre, Roche, Sanofi, Servier and research funding from Roche. ES received honoraria from Servier, Amgen, Merck Serono, MSD, Pierre Fabre Oncology BMS, Sanofi, Research funding from Bayer, and declares consulting for Pierre Fabre Oncology. YT declares honoraria from MSD, Astra Zeneca, Bayer, Amgen, Servier, Ipsen, Pierre Fabre, AAA and consulting for Merck. DT received honoraria from Amgen, Roche, Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Merck Serono, MSD, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Servier/Pfizer, Ipsen, research funding from AstraZeneca, SERVIER, Roche, MSD, BTG, and declares consulting for Sanofi, MSD, Pierre Fabre, and AstraZeneca. A.Z. declares consulting and/or advisory boards for Amgen, Lilly, Merck, Roche, Sanofi, Servier, Baxter, MSD, Pierre Fabre, Havas Life, Alira Health, Zymeworks, and Daiichi. CDLF received honoraria from Amgen, Astra- Zeneca, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eisai, Incyte Biosciences, Ipsen, Lilly, Merck Serono, MSD, Pierre Fabre Oncologie, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Servier. FB, MBZ, SK, EC, PR and ES declares no conflicts of interests. 1

Ce Mémoire a été réalisé lors d’un stage d’avril à août 2020 avec le Centre d’Ecodéveloppement de Villarceaux et en partenariat avec le Parc Naturel Régional du Vexin français. 1

Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer 3

Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Imperial College London; European Commission, EC; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Imperial College London; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC; Fundación Dexeus Mujer 1

CENTRE LEON BERARD 1

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1

Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) 1

Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES, https://cnes.fr/fr), Département des Sciences de la Vie et de Médecine Spatiale (grant agreement no: DAR 4800001107). 1

Centre-Val de Loire 2

Ce rapport a été remis à l’ADEME en mai 2024 à la suite de la recherche Comètes (Construire les métiers et les emplois de la transition écologique et sociale) menée entre 2022 et 2024 dans le cadre de l’APR TEES (2021) de l’ADEME. 1

Cerema 5

CEREMA 1

Cerema - Centre d'Etudes et d'Expertise sur les Risques, l'Environnement, la Mobilité et l'Aménagement. ISRN : CEREMA-DTecITM-2018-013-1-FR. ISSN : 2552-884X 1

Cerema & Université Gustave Eiffel 1

Ces deux études ont été financées par le Ministère de la Santé et des Sports 1

Ce séminaire a été financé par le plan urbanisme, construction et architecture (PUCA) du ministère de l'écologie et du développement durable 1

Cet ouvrage, initié et coordonné dans le cadre du projet de recherche “Adap’Terr”, a bénéficié d’une aide à la publication du programme “Gestion et Impacts du Changement Climatique” du ministère français en charge de l’environnement. Il a également bénéficié du soutien techniquede l’UMR CITERES. 1

Ce travail a bénéficié d'une aide de l'Etat gérée par l'Agence Nationale de la Recherche au titre du programme « Investissements d'avenir » portant la référence ANR-10-LABX-93-01.This work was supported by the French National Research Agency, through the program Investissements d'Avenir, ANR-10-LABX-93-01. 2

Ce travail a été mené grâce à l’Observatoire des Sédiments du Rhône (OSR), programme de recherche pluri‐partenaires financé dans le cadre duPlan Rhône par le Fond Européen de Développement Economique et Régional (FEDER), l’Agence de l’eau Rhône Méditerranée Corse, CNR, EDF et les Régions Auvergne‐Rhône‐Alpes, Sud et Occitanie. 1

Ce travail a été réalisé avec l'appui financier du "Conseil Français de l'Energie, du Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable et de la Mer (MEDDM - Programme PDD 'Paysage et Développement Durable"), de l'Agence française de l'Environnement et l'Energie (ADEME, Convention n° 07 10 C 0019), de la Région Ile-de-France (R2DS) et du Programme Interdisciplinaire Energie du CNRS. 2

Ce travail a été réalisé dans le cadre du projet District Infrared theRmography for microclimaTe financé par le CNES, appels à projets TOSCA. 1

Cette communication a pu être réalisée grâce au concours apporté par l'uB, SAYENS et Dijon Métropole 1

Cette étude a été réalisée grâce au financement accordé par la Direction du Pôle Culture, Éducation, Jeunesse, Solidarité, Sport au Conseil régional d'Aquitaine, ainsi que par celui de SPIRIT (laboratoire d'accueil du Centre Associé CEREQ de Bordeaux). 1

Cette étude s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un projet de recherche financé par l'Union Européenne, Making sustainability operational : Critical Natural Capital and the implication of a strong sustainability criterion (n°PL9702076).Projet Quantification et modélisation du Capital Naturel Critique pour la mise en oeuvre d'une politique de développement durable en France (n°97085) sous la direction scientifique de Martin O'Connor (C3ED) pour le Ministère de l'Aménagement du Territoire et de l'Environnement, et celle intitulée Validation socioéconomique des indicateurs agro-écologiques (n°97/C/62) réalisée dans le cadre du Programme Interdisciplinaire de Recherche "Environnement, Vie et Société" (1997 – 1999) du CNRS sous la direction scientifique de Martin O'Connor (C3ED) et Philippe Girardin (INRA). 1

Cette note présente un projet de recherche financé par le conseil régional d’Aquitaine, la Drac et l’ARS dans le cadre des appels à projet « recherche » du conseil régional. Elle expose l’état d’un questionnement et d’une démarche, les premiers résultats n’étant attendus que dans le courant 2016. 1

Cette recherche a bénéficié de l'aide de la Mission Recherche de la Direction de la Recherche, des Etudes, de l'Evaluation et des Statistiques (MiRe-DREES), de la Caisse Nationale de Solidarité pour l'Autonomie (CNSA) dans le cadre de l'appel à recherches intitulé « Handicap et perte d’autonomie – session 5 », lancé par l'institut de recherche en santé publique (GIS IReSP) en 2014, dans le cadre du programme pluriannuel de recherche en santé publique.L’enquête Elfe est une réalisation conjointe de l’Institut national d’études démographiques (Ined), de l’Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), de l’Établissement français du sang (EFS), de l’Institut de veille sanitaire (InVS), de l’Institut national de la statistique et des études économiques (Insee), de la Direction générale de la santé (DGS, Ministère en charge de la Santé), de la Direction générale de la prévention des risques (DGPR, Ministère en charge de l’Environnement), de la Direction de la recherche, des études, de l’évaluation et des statistiques (Drees, Ministères en charge de la Santé et de l’Emploi), du Département des études, de la prospective et des statistiques (DEPS, Ministère encharge de la Culture) et de la Caisse nationale des allocations familiales (Cnaf), avec le soutien du Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche et du Comité de concertation pour les données en sciences humaines et sociales (CCDSHS). Dans le cadre de la plateforme RECONAI, elle bénéficie d’une aide de l’État gérée par l’Agence nationale de la recherche au titre du programme Investissements d’avenir portant la référence ANR-11-EQPX-0038. 1

Cette recherche a été financée par l'ADEME, le CNRS-Ecodev et le Ministère de l'Environnement 1

Cette thèse est financée, via une convention de recherche, par la Direction de la recherche, des études, de l'évaluation et des statistiques du Ministère des affaires sociales, de la santé et des droits des femmes. 1

CGDD Délégation au développement durable Mission prospective - Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maitrise de l’Énergie - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 1

CGDD, Direction de la recherche et de l'innovation (DRI) 1

CGDD, Direction de la recherche et de l'innovation (DRI) 2

CGET - Commissariat Général à l'Egalité des Territoires 1

CGET et Défenseur des Droits 1

Chaire régionale itinérante AFD-Ifpo sur les environnements urbains 1

Chaire Stress Test 2

Chaithya Giliyar Radhakrishna was supported by the CEA NUMERICS PhD program, which received European funding from Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No800945.We acknowledge the financial support of the CrossDisciplinary Program on Numerical Simulation of CEA (SILICOSMIC project, PI: P. Ciuciu), the French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission. This work was granted access to the HPC resources of TGCC in France under the allocation 2019-GCH0424 made by GENCI. Pierre Weiss was supported by the ANR JCJC Optimization on Measures Spaces ANR-17-CE23-0013-01 and the ANR-3IA Artificial and Natural Intelligence Toulouse Institute. 1

Chancellerie des Universités de Paris Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR Seerave Foundation Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, ARC ANR‐16‐RHUS‐0008 Ligue Contre le Cancer European Commission, EC Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, FRM Institut National Du Cancer, INCa Institut Universitaire de France, IUF European Research Council, ERC Fondation Leducq RP170067 Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, ARC 1

CHU de Dijon; Faculté de Médecine de Dijon; Association de cardiologie de Dijon; Union Régionale des Caisses d'Assurance Maladie de Bourgogne (URCAM); Agence Regionale de Sante (ARS) de Bourgogne; Conseil Regional de Bourgogne; Federation Francaise de Cardiologie (FFC) 1

Citeo 1

CKD-REIN is funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche through the 2010 «Cohortes-Investissements d’Avenir» program (ANR-IA-COH-2012/3731) and by the 2010 national Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique. CKD-REIN is also supported through a public–private partnership with Amgen, Fresenius Medical Care, and GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), since 2012, Lilly France since 2013, and Otsuka Pharmaceutical since 2015, Baxter and Merck Sharp & Dohme-Chibret (MSD France) from 2012 to 2017, Sanofi-Genzyme from 2012 to 2015, Vifor Fresenius, and AstraZeneca, since 2018. Inserm Transfert set up and has managed this partnership since 2011. CKDREIN-Famille was supported by France Rein (a patient association) and the Fondation de France from 2017 to 2019. 1

CNES 1

CNES/CATDS 1

CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) through the Kalideos project. 1

CNES CES THEIA Artificialisation et Urbanisation 1

CNES DAR 2013-2015 1

CNRS 2

CNRS-Ademe 1

CNRS (PIDUD)-Ademe 1

CNRS (PIDUD) et Ademe 1

Cofinancement ADEME-BRGM 1

Co-funded by the European Union (grant no. 101069576) and supported by Innovate UK (contract no. 10045139) and the Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Research and Innovation (contract no. 22.00123). Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not necessarily reflect those of the European Union or the European Climate, Infrastructure and Environment Executive Agency (CINEA). Neither the European Union nor the granting authority can be held responsible for them. 1

Comenius University 1

Commission européenne 1

Commission Européenne 1

Commission Européenne, DGXIII-D - Programme INNOVATION 1

Commission Européenne, PCRD 7 1

Commission Européenne (Programme ERASMUS +) 1

Commission européenne, Sixth Framework Program 1

Communauté d'Agglomération de Pau Pyrénées 1

Compagnia di San Paolo 1

Compagnia di SanPaolo 2

Compagnia di San Paolo, CSP; Aarhus Universitet, AU; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: CPII20/00009, MR/M012190/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Imperial College London; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: CP15/00100; European Social Fund, ESF; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF; Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

Conseil départemental 77 1

Conseil départemental de Corse du Sud 1

Conseil départemental de la Gironde 1

Conseil départemental de l'Essonne 2

Conseil Départemental de Seine-et-Marne 5

Conseil Départemental de Seine-Maritime (76), France 1

Conseil départemental de Seine-Saint-Denis 1

Conseil départemental du Cher 1

Conseil départemental du Finistère. 1

Conseil général des Pyrénées-Atlantiques 1

Conseil Général des Pyrénées-Atlantiques 1

Conseil RÃ©gional de Haute Normandie 1

Conseil Régional Aquitaine 9

Conseil Régional Bourgogne Franche-Comté 1

Conseil Régional d'Aquitaine 4

Conseil régional de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté 2

Conseil Régional de Bretagne 2

Conseil Régional de Bretagne; Institut de veille sanitaire; Ministère du Travail 1

Conseil Régional de Bretagne - Programme "appropriation sociale des sciences" 1

Conseil Régional de l'Île-de-France 1

Conseil Régional des Pays de la Loire/MSH Ange Guépin 1

Conseil Régional d'Ile-de-France 1

Conseil Regional d'Ille-et- Vilaine and the Fondation Langlois and Europe Council. 1

Conseil Régional du Centre 1

Conseil Régional Hauts-de-France 1

Conseil régional Île-de-France 1

Conseil Régional Languedoc-Roussillon 1

Conseil Régional PACA, Conseil général des Bouches-du-Rhône 1

Conseil régional PACAPlan Urbanisme Construction et Architecture 1

Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía 3

Conservatoire des Espaces naturels sensibles de l'Essonne 1

Conservatoire du Littoral 2

Contrat de recherche entre l'Andra et l'université de Caen (octobre 2006-Mai 2008) 1

Contrat doctoral de l'EHESS 1

Contrat doctorat de l'EHESS ; Bourse d'accomplissement de l'Institut CDC pour la Recherche 1

Contrat du Ministère de l'Écologie et du Développement Durable [Convention n° RI 98 017] 1

Convention ADEME n° 06 10 C 0094 1

Convention CIFRE avec la Métropole de Lyon 1

Convention DGPR - Université Gustave Eiffel 2021 n°2201285435 du 30 mars 2021 - Référence ex-IFSTTAR RP3-J21052 1

Convention État - Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur - ADEME 1

Convention Ministère des Outre-Mer - Office français de la biodiversité - Cerema 1

Convention n°2201147539, Direction Générale de la Prévention des Risques, Ministère de la Transition Ecologique et Solidaire 1

Convention n°2201329869, Direction de l'Habitat, de l'Urbanisme et des Paysages, Ministère de la Transition Ecologique et Solidaire 2

Convention n°n°2201302994 Direction de l'Habitat, de l'Urbanisme et des Paysages, Ministère de la Transition Ecologique et Solidaire 1

Convention partenariale avec le Parc naturel régional des Pyrénées catalanes 1

Convent Ministère des Outre-Mer - Office français de la biodiversité - Cerema 1

County Councils of Skåne 2

CPER CLIMIBIO 1

CPII20/00009; Compagnia di San Paolo, CSP; Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, ARC: RF20180207126; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation, MESRI: 2103 586016; National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Imperial College London; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR: ANR-10-COHO-0006; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; European Social Fund, ESF; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

Cultural and Educational Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic (KEGA) 041UK-4/2020 1

CURAPP-ESS ; UFR SHSP UPJV ; S2R UPJV ; Conseil Régional des Hauts-de-France 1

Czech Science Foundation [15-02634S] 1

Défi inria cerema ROAD-AI 1

Departement a la Recherche Clinique et au Developpement (DRCD), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris 1

Département de l'Essonne 1

Département Soutien et Formation, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, DSF, IRD 1

Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco 3

Department of Health and Social Care (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates; EU FP6 programme, (LSHM_CT_2006_037197); German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke; NationalHealthandMedicalResearchCouncil, (1050949toKJM); Sicilian Regional Government; UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council; Compagnia di San Paolo, CSP; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; Wellcome Trust, WT; Seventh Framework Programme, FP7, (HEALTHF2-2012-279233); University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, UHBW, (BRC-1215-20014); National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; National Gaucher Foundation, NGF; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco; Medical Research Council, MRC, (MR/L003120/1, RG71466, SJAH/004); Economic and Social Research Council, ESRC; National Institute for Health and Care Research, NIHR; British Heart Foundation, BHF, (RG/13/13/30194, RG/18/13/33946); Imperial College London; European Research Council, ERC, (268834); National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC, (1050949); Public Health Agency, PHA; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica, AIRE; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; Health and Social Care Research and Development Division, HCS R&D; UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR BRC; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC; Health Data Research UK, HDR UK 1

DEPS (ministère de la Culture), la ville de Nantes, le Conseil régional des Pays de la Loire 1

Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 1

Deutsche Krebshilfe 3

Deutsche Krebshilfe Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A19170, 14136, C570/A16491 Ligue Contre le Cancer Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS Research Councils UK, RCUK Health and Medical Research Fund, HMRF: FIS Zorginstituut Nederland, ZIN PI13/01162, PI13/00061 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF: ERC‐2009‐AdG 232997 Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC National Research Council, NRC Ecumenical Project for International Cooperation, EPIC Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm European Commission, EU Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC Norway Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ: DKFZ World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Cancerfonden NordForsk Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, 1000143 1

Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum 3

DGPR 2

DGPR - The “Direction générale de la Prévention des risques” of the French Ministry of Ecology 1

Direction de la recherche clinique de l'AP-HP (PHRC 2001), INSERM U 149 (Recherches Épidémiologiques en Santé Périnatale et Santé des Femmes), Collège National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français, Société Française de Médecine Périnatale, Fonds National de la Recherche Scientifique (Belgique). 1

Direction de la Recherche Clinique et de l Innovation 1

Direction de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement 1

Direction de la Recherche et de l’Animation Scientifique et Technique (DRAST) 1

Direction de la recherche et de l'innovation (DRI) 1

Direction de la recherche et de l’innovation du commissariat général au développement durable, Predit 4 1

Direction Générale de la Compétitivité, de l’Industrie et des Services, DGCIS Food Standards Agency, FSA Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C864/A14136, C8221/A19170, C570/A16491 RD06/0020 Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, UCBL Wellcome Trust, WT Ligue Contre le Cancer 6236 German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Department of Health, Australian Government Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Greece Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS British Heart Foundation, BHF Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII National Research Council, NRC Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF Stroke Association Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Fondation Gustave Roussy European Commission, EC Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, IARC Deutsche Krebshilfe Cancerfonden World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Stavros Niarchos Foundation, SNF Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: GR‐IARC‐2003‐09‐12‐01 Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1, MR/N003284/1, MC‐UU_12015/1 1

Direction Regionale de la Jeunesse, des Sports et de la Cohesion Sociale-Regional Directorate of Youth, Sports and Social Cohesion 1

Disclosures: Gaultier Marnat—UNRELATED: Payment for Lectures Including Service on Speakers Bureaus: Medtronic, MicroVention. Bertrand Lapergue— UNRELATED: Grants/Grants Pending: MicroVention, Phenox.* Mikael Mazighi— UNRELATED: Consultancy: Air Liquide, Amgen, Boerhinger Ingelheim, Acticor Biotech; Grants/Grants Pending: RHU BOOSTER, Agence Nationale pour la Recherche, funding from French Ministry of Health.* Frédéric Clarençon— UNRELATED: Board Membership: ArteDrone; Consultancy: Medtronic; Payment for Lectures Including Service on Speakers Bureaus: Balt, Penumbra, Stryker. Sébastien Richard—UNRELATED: Grants/Grants Pending: French Ministry, Comments: grants for 2 academic studies*; Payment for Development of Educational Presentations: Boehringer Ingelheim. *Money paid to the institution. 1

DR-2012-469; 12.360; -2012-1624, IDRCB 2012-A00902-41; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR: ANR-IA-COH-2012/3731; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm: IRB00003888, NCT03381950 1

Dr Danesh reports grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Merck Sharp & Dohme, grants, personal fees, and nonfinancial support from Novartis, grants from Pfizer, and grants from AstraZeneca outside the submitted work. He is member of the International Cardiovascular and Metabolic Advisory Board for Novartis (since 2010); the Steering Committee of UK Biobank (since 2011); the MRC International Advisory Group (ING) member, London (since 2013); the MRC High Throughput Science ‘Omics Panel Member, London (since 2013); the Scientific Advisory Committee for Sanofi (since 2013); the International Cardiovascular and Metabolism Research and Development Portfolio Committee for Novartis; and the Astra Zeneca Genomics Advisory Board (2018). Dr Butterworth reports grants outside of this work from AstraZeneca, Biogen, BioMarin, Bioverativ, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, and Sanofi and personal fees from Novartis. The remaining authors have no disclosures to report. 1

Dr. Guillermo F. López Sánchez is funded by the European Union – Next Generation EU . 1

DRIEE-IF 1

Dr Schmidt reported personal fees from Getinge, Drager, and Xenios, outside the submitted work. Dr Demoule reports personal fees from Medtronic, grants, personal fees and non-financial support from Philips, personal fees from Baxter, personal fees from Hamilton, personal fees and non-financial support from Fisher & Paykel, grants from French Ministry of Health, personal fees from Getinge, grants and personal fees from Respinor, grants and non-financial support from Lungpacer, outside the submitted work. Dr Dres reported personal fees from Lungpacer. No other disclosures were reported. 1

DSCR 2200626575, IFSTTAR-CEREMA 1

Dutch Prevention Funds 3

Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland 3

Ecophyto (OFB) 1

EFSA 1

Elvire Guillaud’s research has been held during a research residency funded by the Paris School of Economics. Her research has been supported by a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the ’Investissements d’Avenir’ programme within the framework of the OSE centre of excellence (ANR-10-LABX-93-01). Michaël Zemmour’s research has been supported by a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the ’Investissements d’Avenir’ programme within the framework of the LIEPP centre of excellence and the EIFISEP project (ANR-11-LABX-0091, ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02). 1

Emibio/ADEME 1

EMIBIO ADEME 2

ENVITERA 1

EPIC-CVD was supported by the European Commission Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233), and the European Research Council (268834). The coordinating center was supported by core funding from the: United Kingdom MRC (G0800270; MR/L003120/1), British Heart Foundation (BHF) (SP/09/002; RG13/13/30194; RG/18/13/33946), and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) (BRC-1215-20014).* The establishment of the study subcohort was supported by the European Union Sixth Framework Programme (grant LSHM_CT_2006_037197 to the InterAct project) and the MRC Epidemiology Unit (grant MC_UU_00006/1). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by NIHR Imperial BRC. The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Netherlands Cancer Registry, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Zorg Onderzoek Nederland, World Cancer Research Fund, Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); Health Research Fund– Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), MRC (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). EPIC-Greece was supported by the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece). M.S., N.J.W., N.G.F., and F.I. acknowledge support from MRC Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00006/1 and MC_UU_00006/3). N.J.W. and N.G.F. acknowledge support from NIHR* Cambridge BRC: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215-20014) and NGF is a NIHR Senior Investigator Award holder. M.S. was also supported by BHF for part of this work while working in the BHF Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom. R.Z.-R. thanks the “Miguel Servet” program (CP15/00100) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (co-funded by the European Social Fund–European Social Fund Investing in Your Future). A.W. was supported by a BHF-Turing Cardiovascular Data Science Award and by the European Commission-Innovative Medicines Initiative (BigData@Heart). R.C. was funded by a MRC-Newton project grant to study genetic risk factors of cardiovascular disease among Southeast Asian people and the Academy of Sciences Malaysia (grant no. MR/P013880/1) and a United Kingdom Research and Innovation-Global Challenges Research Fund Project Grant to study risk factors of noncommunicable diseases in Bangladesh. J.D. holds a BHF Professorship and a NIHR Senior Investigator Award. 1

Erasmus + et Commission européenne (projet n° 2019-1-BE01-KA203-050430) 1

ERC MCD Convention Equipe de recherche commune Cerema-Université Gustave Eiffel 1

EUCAST, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Santé publique France. 1

EU FP7 (Marie Curie Initial Training Network BOLD: Biology of Liver and the Pancreatic Development and Disease) 1

EUNephrOmics 1

EuReGene [LSHG-CT-2004 005 085] 1

EURenOmics [305608] 1

European Commission 6

European Commission ASIA-LINK project B7-3010/2005/105-139 1

European Commission (DG Research) in the framework of the Programme "Improving the Human Research Potentiel and the Socio-Economic Base". 1

European Commission, Directorate General For Research & Innovation Innovation for Growth (I4G) 1

European Commission, EC 1

European Commission, EC 2010-3.5.1-269672 1

European Commission, EC: 602150 1

European Commission, EC: QLG1-CT-2001-01252 Syddansk Universitet, SDU Novo Nordisk Fonden, NNF 1

European Commission Grant number: 101059603 1

European Commission’s Joint Research Centre, Institute for Energy and Transport (EC-JRC/IET) 1

European Commission, Swiss State Secretariat for Education, Swiss National Science Foundation, the Medical Research Council, NordForsk, Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology 1

European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations 1

European Funds for Regional Economic Development (FEDER) 1

European Regional Development Fund 1

European Social Fund Plus 1

European Union s Horizon2020 research and innovation program 1

EVHAN study was supported by grants from the French Ministry of Health (PHRCN 2007, 2011 AOM11197; ANR Jeune chercheur, Bourse de thèse Eiffel) and from CNAMTS, Fondation de France, Fondation MGEN, EHESP, APHP, CIFRE, and Contrats d'interface INSERM. 1

Facebook AI Research (Research Gift) and CIFAR (Learning in Minds and Brains) 1

Fédération nationale des parcs naturels régionaux de France Etude d'Evaluation des parcs naturels régionaux 1

FEDER, through COMPETE2020 - Programa Operacional Competitividade e InternacionalizacAo (POCI), Programa Operacional Regional (POR) de Lisboa national funds (OE), through FCT/MCTES PTDC/BIA-ANM/4622/2014POCI-01-0145-FEDER-016754CESAM through national funds (OE) via FCT/MCTES UIDB/50017/2020+UIDP/50017/2020Sapere-Aude advanced grant from the Independent Research Fund Denmark DFF-8021-00308BFCT/MCTES through Programa Investigador IF/00899/2014Portuguese Foundation for Science and TechnologyEuropean Commission 1

Final report (Short Version) of contract n° SOE 1-1054 - Project n° 1297 funded under the Targeted Socio-economic research (TSER) Programme-directorate general Science, Research and Development - Directorate F European Commission 1

Financement ADEME 1

Financement ADEME 1017C001 1

Financement Ademe - 3ème Prédit 1

Financement ADEME. Programme Déchets et Sociétés 2010 1

Financement ADEME, programme PRIMEQUAL 1

Financement conjoint de l'Agence de l'Environnement et de la Maîtrise de l'Energie (ADEME) et de la Ville de Paris. 2

Financement Conseil Régional d'Aquitaine 1

Financement DGPR - DREAL 1

Financement Fondation Télécom et CDC Recherche 1

Financement Ministère de la transition écologique 1

Financement OFB, Direction de la recherche et de l'appui scientifique, service "Fonctionnement, préservation et restauration des écosystèmes aquatiques continentaux et marins" 1

Financement Onema 1

Financement ONEMA, PNR EST 2012 Anses 1

Financé par une convention entre Equans Aire Nouvelle et le MNHN 1

Financial support consisted of a grant from the Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (CRC 07 011), a nonprofit, government-funded organization. 1

Financial support was made available by the French Army (Grant LR607e) for which we are grateful. This work has benefited from an ‘Investissement d’Avenir’ grant managed by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (CEBA, ref. ANR-10-LABX-25-01). This study received a European commission ‘REGPOT-CT-2011-285837-STRonGer’ Grant within the FP7. 1

FIS 1

Fondation APHP 1

Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer 1

Fondation de France 6

Fondation de France (grant WB-2020-29711) 1

Fondation Plan Alzheimer 1

Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale 4

Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, MGEN, Institut de la Longévité, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, Regions Aquitaine, Bourgogne et Languedoc-Roussillon , Fondation de France, Programme Ministère de la recherche-Inserm "Cohortes et collection de données biologiques 1

Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale.Société Française de Rhumatologie.Ministère du Travail, de la Santé et des Solidarités 1

Fondation Voir et Entendre 3

Fonds APRES ‘Appui aux Projets pour le REnforcement du Sens, 2020, Assistance–Publique Hôpitaux de Paris’. 1

Fonds APRES “Appui aux Projets pour le REnforcement du Sens, 2020, Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris 1

Fonds public 50% 1

FOOD‐CT‐2005‐513943 Ministry of National Education and Religious Affairs Cancer Research UK, CRUK Wellcome Trust, WT German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Department of Health, Australian Government Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: C03/09 Stichting Diabetes Onderzoek Nederland British Heart Foundation, BHF Norges Forskningsråd QLK4CT199900927 Stroke Association European Commission, EC Deutsche Krebshilfe World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Kreftforeningen, NCS Medical Research Council, MRC 1

Foundation of National Facility for Translational Medicine (Shanghai) 1

FP-7-Health-Innovation 1

French Agency for Drugs (ANSM) 1

French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES, grant EST-21-188) 1

French Agency for the Environment and Energy Management (ADEME) 1

French de National Agency for Research; Société Française de Biologie Clinique (SFBC); Association pour l'Étude du Foie (AFEF) References [1] Manning DS, Afdhal NH. Diagnosis and quantification of fibrosis. Gastroenterology 1

French Environmental Agency (ADEME) 1

French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) 1

French Government [ANR-11-LABX-0021]; Conseil Regional de Bourgogne; "Fonds Europeen de Developpement Regional" (FEDER); French National Cancer Institute; Fondation de France; Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer; Canceropole Grand-Est 1

French government : Météo-France and CNRS 1

French Government Ministry of Social Affairs Health and Womens Rights 1

French Health Ministry 1

French Health Ministry; MIVI; Medtronic; Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 1

French Institute of Horse and Equestrian (IFCE) 1

French Ministry of Ecology 1

French Ministry of Health 1

French Ministry of Health and the Institut National du Cancer as part of the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique. This work was also supported by the Association for Training, Education, and Research in Hematology, Immunology, and Transplantation. The Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire-Cesti project is also supported by Nantes Metropole and the Pays de la Loire Region. 1

French Ministry of Health National Hospital Research Programme (PHRC) National Health Insurance Agency for Wage Earners - CNAMTS, France Institute of Longevity and Ageing INSERM, France 1

French Ministry of Health [PHRC AOM 09 195] 1

French Ministry of Health [PHRC AOM 09 195]; French Drugs Agency (ANSM); AbbVie; Janssen; MSD France; Pfizer; Departement a la Recherche Clinique et au Developpement (DRCD), Assistance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris; French Society of Dermatology (Societe Francaise de Dermatologie); Groupe de Recherche sur le Psoriasis 1

French Ministry of Health [PHRC AOM 09 195]; French National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products (ANSM); Abbvie; MSD France; Janssen Johnson and Johnson USA Janssen Biotech Inc; Pfizer Pfizer; Departement a la Recherche Clinique et au Developpement (DRCD - Department for Clinical Research and Development), Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris (Paris Hospitals); French Society of Dermatology; Psoriasis Research Group 1

French Ministry of Health (Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique 2004, AOM04084), sponsored by Assitance Publique-Hopitaux de Paris (Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement). All the authors had full access to all data and assumed final responsibility for the decision to submit the paper for publication. 1

French Ministry of Higher Education and Research (CPER 20152020 and public service subsidy to BRGM) 1

French Ministry of Labor 1

French National Agency for Research (ANR) 1

French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS, Paris, France) 1

French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS). Roche, Schering-Plough, GSK, BMS, and Merck-Serono. 1

French National Association for Research and Technology (ANRT) 1

French National Institutes for Health and Medical Research 1

French National Institutes for Health and Medical Research; International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization; Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation, MESRI, (2103 586016); Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation, MoHERI; Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR, (ANR-10-COHO-0006); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Fondation de France; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; l'Ecole Doctorale de Santé Publique 1

French National Museum of Natural History (MNHN) 1

French National Research Agency 1

French National Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR, project number ANR-19-CE31-0029) 1

French National Research Agency [ANR-15-CE04-0001-01-LOUISE] 1

French National Research Agency (ANR) through the project ACIMP 1

French National Research Agency, the French Ministry of Higher Education and Research, Inria, the MEL and the I-Site ULNE regarding project R-PILOTE-19-004-APPRENF and Bandits For Health (B4H). 1

French National Research Program for Environmental and Occupational Health of Anses 1

French National Research Program for Environmental and Occupational Health of ANSES (Agence nationale de securite sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail), France [EST-2016/1/49] 1

French Office for Biodiversity (OFB) 1

Funded by: University of Montreal Health Center Urology Associates/Fonds de la Recherche en Santé du Québec/ University of Montreal Department of Surgery/University of Montreal Health Center (CHUM) Foundation/ Association Française de Recherche sur le Cancer/Fondation de France-Fédération Nationale des Centres de Lutte Contre le Cancer/Association Française d'Urologie/Ministère Français des Affaires Etrangères et Européennes (Bourse Lavoisier) 1

Funding for the VOBP4 meeting was provided by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, and a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) interagency agreement that funds VDAP at the USGS. Important in-kind contributions were provided by CENAPRED. JBL, KW, and WS receive salary support from the USGS Volcano Hazards Program. JBL receives additional salary support from an interagency agreement from USAID. Several authors received funds from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the EUROVOLC project under grant agreement No 731070. The funds were available to to SB (through Iceland), to LS (Italy) and to JCK (through France IPGP and CNRS). JCK was further supported by the Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers (INSU-CNRS) and the Service National d’observation en volcanology (SNOV, CNRS-INSU). 1

Funding Supported by a grant from the World Cancer Research Fund ( WCRF ) to Marc Gunter (grant number: WCRF 2013/1002 ). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer . The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Gustave Roussy , Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale , and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale ( INSERM ) (France); German Cancer Aid , German Cancer Research Center ( DKFZ ), and Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) (Germany); Hellenic Health Foundation , Stavros Niarchos Foundation , and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece); Italian Association for Research on Cancer ( AIRC ), National Research Council , and Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica (AIRE-ONLUS) Ragusa, Associazione Volontari Italiani Sangu ( AVIS ) Ragusa, Sicilian Government (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health , Welfare and Sports ( VWS ), Netherlands Cancer Registry ( NKR ), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund ( WCRF ), and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); Nordic Center of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andalucía , Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. 6236) and Navarra, and the Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública and Instituto de Salud Carlos II ( ISCIII RETIC) ( RD06/0020 ) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society , Swedish Scientific Council , and Regional Government of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK , Medical Research Council , Stroke Association , British Heart Foundation , Department of Health , Food Standards Agency , the Wellcome Trust (UK), Cancer Research UK ( 14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council ( 1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). 1

Funding Supported by a grant from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) to Marc Gunter (grant number: WCRF 2013/1002). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, and Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Hellenic Health Foundation, Stavros Niarchos Foundation, and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity (Greece); Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC), National Research Council, and Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica (AIRE-ONLUS) Ragusa, Associazione Volontari Italiani Sangu (AVIS) Ragusa, Sicilian Government (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); Nordic Center of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. 6236) and Navarra, and the Centro de Investigaci?n Biom?dica en Red en Epidemiolog?a y Salud P?blica and Instituto de Salud Carlos II (ISCIII RETIC) (RD06/0020) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, and Regional Government of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, the Wellcome Trust (UK), Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). 1

Funding: This study was supported by a grant from the French Ministry of Health ( PreQHos 2009-04 ) and sponsored by the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris ( NI10052 ). 1

Funding This work was supported by the World Cancer Research Fund International Regular Grant Programme ( WCRF 2014/1180 to Konstantinos K. Tsilidis). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre . The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Gustave Roussy , Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid , German Cancer Research Center ( DKFZ ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research ( BMBF ) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health , Welfare and Sports ( VWS ), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund ( WCRF ), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS)– Instituto de Salud Carlos III ( ISCIII ), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology ( ICO ) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society , Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); and Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford) and Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. 1

Funding This work was supported by the World Cancer Research Fund International Regular Grant Programme (WCRF 2014/1180 to Konstantinos K. Tsilidis). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre. The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS)?Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); and Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford) and Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. 1

: Funding [WCRF 2015/1391, PI: Mazda Jenab] was obtained from Wereld Kanker Onderzoek Fonds (WKOF), as part of the World Cancer Research Fund International grant programme. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam‐Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS) ‐ Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology ‐ ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC‐Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC‐Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC‐Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford). (United Kingdom). The EPIC‐Norfolk study (doi: 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1 and MC‐UU_12015/1) and Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136). Veronika Fedirko is supported by the Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas (CPRIT) Rising Stars Award (Grant ID RR200056). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Grant support 1

G03/140, PI10/02293, PI10/02658, PI13/00615, PI14/01668, PI14/01764, PI14/01798, PI17/01795, PI20/00564, PNSD-2020/021; LSHM_CT_2006_037197; 82DZD00302; 122/2014, 27/2011, 45/2011, PNSD 2020/2021; FKZ: 01EA1806A; National Institutes of Health, NIH: R01AG056477, RF1AG062553, U01 CA164973; National Cancer Institute, NCI; American Institute for Cancer Research, AICR: 05B047; GlaxoSmithKline, GSK; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; Wellcome Trust, WT: 221854/Z/20/Z; Horizon 2020 Framework Programme, H2020: 824989; Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: 602068; Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, BRC: IS-BRC-1215-20014; Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_00006/1and MC_UU_00006/3; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C20/A5860; National Research Foundation, NRF; Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India, डीएसटी; Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG: 491394008, NFDI 13/1; Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung, SNF: 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401, 33CS30_177535/1, 33CSCO-122661, MRCMR/R024227/1; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CONACYT: S0008-2009-1: 000000000115312; Kementerian Sains, Teknologi dan Inovasi, MOSTI; Nederlandse Zuivel Organisatie, NZO; Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico, CNPq; Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning, MSIP: NRF-2017M3C9A6047623; Ministry of Health and Welfare, MOHW: 4845-301, 4851-302; Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, KCDC; Seconda Università degli Studi di Napoli, SUN; Vetenskapsrådet, VR: 2017–00644; Universidad de Navarra; Tehran University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, TUMS: 81/15; Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos, FINEP: 01 06 0010.00, 01 06 0071.00, 01 06 0115.00, 01 06 0300.00; Ministério da Saúde; Mejeribrugets ForskningsFond, MFF; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF: RD 06/0045 1

G0800270, MR/L003120/1; Pfizer; AstraZeneca; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; Merck Sharp and Dohme, MSD; Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: HEALTH-F2-2012-279233; National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_00006/1; National Institute for Health Research, NIHR; British Heart Foundation, BHF: RG/18/13/33946, RG13/13/30194, SP/09/002; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017, MR/M012190/1; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Imperial College London; European Research Council, ERC: 268834; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; European Social Fund, ESF; Sixth Framework Programme, FP6: LSHM_CT_2006_037197; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Akademi Sains Malaysia, ASM: MR/P013880/1; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; UCLH Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR BRC: BRC-1215-20014; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC; Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF: CP15/00100, IS-BRC-1215-20014, MC_UU_00006/3 1

Generalitat de Catalunya 1

Generation R: This study was funded by The Erasmus MC, Rotterdam,the Erasmus University Rotterdam and the Netherlands Organizationfor Health Research and Development. The project receivedfunding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme (LIFECYCLE, grant agreement No 733206, 2016;EUCAN-Connect grant agreement No 824989; ATHLETE, grant agreementNo 874583). Dr. Vincent Jaddoe received a grant from the EuropeanResearch Council (ERC-2014-CoG-648916). This study wassupported by grant R01-ES022972 and R01-ES029779 from the NationalInstitutes of Health, USA. The researchers are independent fromthe funders. The study sponsors had no role in the study design, dataanalysis, interpretation of data, or writing of this report.INMA Gipuzkoa: This study was funded by grants from Instituto deSalud Carlos III (FIS-PI13/02187 and FIS-PI18/01142 incl. FEDERfunds), CIBERESP, Department of Health of the Basque Government(2015111065), and the Provincial Government of Gipuzkoa (DFG15/221) and annual agreements with the municipalities of the study area(Zumarraga, Urretxu, Legazpi, Azkoitia y Azpeitia y Beasain).INMA Sabadell: This study was funded by grants from Instituto deSalud Carlos III (Red INMA G03/176; CB06/02/0041; PI041436;PI081151 incl. FEDER funds; PI12/01890 incl. FEDER funds; CP13/00054 incl. FEDER funds), CIBERESP, Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT1999SGR 00241, Generalitat de Catalunya-AGAUR (2009 SGR 501,2014 SGR 822), Fundaci´o La marat´o de TV3 (090430), Spanish Ministryof Economy and Competitiveness (SAF2012-32991 incl. FEDER funds),Agence Nationale de Securite Sanitaire de l’Alimentation de l’Environnementet du Travail (1262C0010), European Commission (261357,308333, 603,794 and 634453). Alicia Abellan holds a LifeCyclefellowship, funded from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 researchand innovation programme under grant agreement No 733206. MaribelCasas holds a Miguel Servet fellowship (CP16/00128) funded by Institutode Salud Carlos III and co-funded by European Social Fund“Investing in your future“. We acknowledge support from the SpanishMinistry of Science and Innovation through the “Centro de ExcelenciaSevero Ochoa 2019–2023” Program (2018–000806-S), and supportfrom the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program.INMA Valencia: INMA Valencia was funded by Grants from UE(FP7-ENV-2011 cod 282,957 and HEALTH.2010.2.4.5–1), Spain: ISCIII(G03/176; FIS-FEDER: PI09/02647, PI11/01007, PI11/02591, PI11/02038, PI13/1944, PI13/2032, PI14/00891, PI14/01687, PI16/1288,PI17/00663, and PI19/1338; Miguel Servet-FEDER CP11/00178, CP15/00025, and CPII16/00051), Alicia Koplowitz Foundation, and GeneralitatValenciana: FISABIO (UGP 15–230, UGP-15–244, UGP-15–249,and AICO/2020/285).BiB: This report is independent research funded by the NationalInstitute for Health Research Yorkshire and Humber ARC (NIHR200166)and BiB receives core infrastructure funding from the Wellcome Trust(WT101597MA). The views expressed in this publication are those of theauthor(s) and not necessarily those of the National Institute for HealthResearch or the Department of Health and Social Care.EDEN: The EDEN study was supported by Foundation for medicalresearch (FRM), National Agency for Research (ANR), National Institutefor Research in Public health (IRESP: TGIR cohorte sant´e 2008 program),French Ministry of Health (DGS), French Ministry of Research,INSERM Bone and Joint Diseases National Research (PRO-A), andHuman Nutrition National Research Programs, Paris-Sud University,Nestl´e, French National Institute for Population Health Surveillance(InVS), French National Institute for Health Education (INPES), theEuropean Union FP7 programmes (FP7/2007–2013, HELIX, ESCAPE,ENRIECO, Medall projects), Diabetes National Research Program(through a collaboration with the French Association of Diabetic Patients(AFD)), French Agency for Environmental Health Safety (nowANSES), Mutuelle G´en´ erale de l’Education Nationale a complementaryhealth insurance (MGEN), French national agency for food security,French-speaking association for the study of diabetes and metabolism(ALFEDIAM).MoBa: The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study issupported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services andthe Ministry of Education and Research.RHEA: The Rhea project was financially supported by Europeanprojects (EU FP6-2003-Food-3-NewGeneris, EU FP6. STREP Hiwate, EUFP7 ENV.2007.1.2.2.2. Project No 211,250 Escape, EU FP7-2008-ENV-1.2.1.4 Envirogenomarkers, EU FP7-HEALTH-2009- single stageCHICOS, EU FP7 ENV.2008.1.2.1.6. Proposal No 226,285 ENRIECO, EU-FP7- HEALTH-2012 Proposal No 308,333 HELIX, H2020 LIFECYCLE,grant agreement No 733206, H2020 ATHLETE, grant agreement No874583), and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention ofobesity and neurodevelopmental disorders in preschool children, inHeraklion district, Crete, Greece: 2011–2014; “Rhea Plus”: PrimaryPrevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for ReproductiveHealth, and Child Health: 2012–15). Additional funding from NIEHSsupported Dr Chatzi (R01ES030691, R01ES029944, R01ES030364,R21ES029681, R21ES028903, and P30ES007048). 1

German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke 3

German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG, project number 431362334) 1

GIS Maladies Rares 1

G Menvielle received a funding from the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale for this analysis. The project was in part funded by the European Commission, through the Eurocadet project (from the commission of the European communities research directorate-general, grant No EUROCADET:SP23-CT-2005-006528). EPIC was supported by the European Commission: Public Health and Consumer Protection Directorate 1993-2004 and the Research Directorate-General 2005-2008. European Commission FP5 project (QLG1-CT-2001-01049). The EPIC study was funded by "Europe Against Cancer" Programme of the European Commission (SANCO); Ligue contre le Cancer (France); Société 3M (France); Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale; German Cancer Aid; German Cancer Research Center; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Danish Cancer Society; Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa de Centros de Cáncer (C03/10); the participating regional governments and institutions of Murcia, Navarra, Asturias, Pais Vasco y Andalucia, Spain; Cancer Research UK; Medical Research Council, United Kingdom; Stroke Association, United Kingdom; British Heart Foundation; Department of Health, United Kingdom; Food Standards Agency, United Kingdom; The Wellcome Trust, United Kingdom; Greek Ministry of Health; Stavros Niarchos Foundation; Hellenic Health Foundation; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; Dutch Ministry of Health; Dutch Prevention Funds; LK Research Funds; Dutch Zorg Onderzoek Nederland; World Cancer Research Fund; Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Scientific Council; Regional Government of Vasterbotten and Skane, Sweden; Norwegian Cancer Society; and Foundation to Promote Research into Functional Vitamin B12 Deficiency, Norway. Some authors are partners of Environmental Cancer Risk, Nutrition and Individual Susceptibility, a network of excellence of the European Commission (6FP contract 513943). Antonio Agudo and Paolo Vineis were supported by ECNIS. 1

Gouvernement Français dans le cadre du programme Territoire d'Innovation, une action du Grand Plan d'Investissement adossé à France 2030, de Toulouse Métropole et du GIS neOCampus 1

GO-VIKING project (Grant Agreement No. 101060826) funded by the Euratom research and training program 2022-2025 and various national research programs 1

Grant from the Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AOM 00-06). 1

"Grenelle de l'environnement: Acteurs, discours, effets", Programme CDE du Ministere de l'environnement. 1

H2020-HERMES 1

Hakim Laouamri; Labex BioPsy, (ANR-10-COHO-10–01, ANR-11-IDEX-0004–02); Fondation FondaMental, FFM; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP 1

HCSP, Ministère de la santé 1

Health Foundation 1

Health Research Fund 3

HOMAGE was funded by a grant from the European Union 7th Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (HEALTH-F7-305507 HOMAGE (EU FP7 305507 http://www.homage-hf.eu). JPF, PR, NG, FZ are supported by the RHU Fight-HF, a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the second “Investissements d’Avenir” program (reference: ANR-15-RHUS-0004), by the French PIA project “Lorraine Université d’Excellence” (reference: ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE), Contrat de Plan Etat Lorraine IT2MP and FEDER Lorraine. 1

Hôpitaux de Paris 1

Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève 1

HPC resources of TGCC under the allocation 2022-gen13461 made by GENCI (https://www.genci.fr). 1

HPC resources of the GRICAD infrastructure (https://gricad.univ-grenoble-alpes.fr). 1

I also acknowledge support from ANR-17-CE41-0008 (ECHOPPE) 1

IDA-EU-LAC-AFD 1

IDIBELL 1

IFSTTAR-CEREMA 1

IMI-PainCare 1

IMI-PainCare consortium 1

Imperial College London 3

INCa Amorçage, RISP no 2016-003/Institut National Du CancerAAP ONCOSTARTER 2016/Cancéropôle Auvergne Rhône Alpes (CLARA)Délibération 2016-1445 projets structurants 2016 2017/Métropole du Grand Lyon2017-2018/Direction Régionale de l'économie, de l'emploi, du travail, et des solidarités (DREETS) Auvergne Rhône AlpesINCa, RISP no 2018-025/Institut National du CancerShow all 6 grants 1

INCER-ACV project (ADEME, APR-ED 2017) 1

Innovative Medicines Initiative 1

Innovative Research Team of High-level Local University in Shanghai 1

INRAE 1

Inserm 1

Inserm, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1

INSERM; the French National Research Agency; the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety 1

Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire - IRSN 4

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 1

Institut de Veille Sanitaire - InVS 1

Institut Gustave-Roussy 4

Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 7

Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) 1

Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP; Université de Paris, (UMR1141) 1

Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Victor Segalen-Bordeaux II University, Sanofi-Aventis, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale , Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, MGEN, Institut de la Longévité, Conseils Régionaux Aquitaine et Bourgogne, Fondation de France, Ministère de la Recherche -INSERM Programme "Cohortes et collections de données biologiques." 1

Institut National Du Cancer 3

Institut National Du Cancer - INCa 1

Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: 2012-218 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Ligue Contre le Cancer: AOM09 202 Université Paris Descartes Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm 1

Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: 2014-1-RT-02-CIRC-1 Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C570/A16491 Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS National Research Council, NRC 6236 Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF Fondation Gustave Roussy European Commission, EC Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC RD06/0020 Deutsche Krebshilfe World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Cancerfonden Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1. 1

Instituto de Salud Carlos III 3

Instituto de Salud Carlos IIIInstituto de Salud Carlos IIIEuropean Commission [PI13/00454]; AGAUR (Agency for Management of University and Research Grants, Generalitat de Catalunya) 1

International Atomic Energy Agency - IAEA 1

INTERSARC 1

InVS 1

InVS/Direction of Labor grant n°03-S-ST-A20-08, AFSSET (French Agency of health safety, environment and work) grant N° ES-2005-015 and EU Framework program for research, research, contract n° FOOD-CT-2004-506378, the GA2LEN project, Global Allergy and Asthma European Network 1

Ipsen 1

IRSN 1

ITMO Cancer of Aviesan 1

IU-B was supported by a CIFRE fellowship, from the French Association of Research and Technologies, under the agreement 2017/0322. The project was also supported by Agence de l’Eau Rhône-Méditerranée-Corse (Pierre Boissery). 1

J08-12, ESPARR - ADEME 2

J09-01, ARTEMIS - émissions - ADEME 1

J09-16, Vi- lle Cycle- vic - ADEME- ANR 1

J11-24, BETTI - ADEME 2

Jansen laboratory 1

Janssen 1

J.M.O. declares consulting activities with Abbvie, Acticor, and Bioxodes; speaking fees from BMS and Boerhinger Ingelheim. S.F. is the author of a patent (US20200085454A1). B.M. declares a grant from the French Health Ministry and is the primary investigator of the DETERMINE trial. B.G. has received grants from the French Ministry of Health, is the primary investigator of the TITAN, DIRECT ANGIO, and IA‐RESCUE trial, and has received consulting fees from Air Liquide, MIVI, Medtronic, Microvention, and Penumbra. M.M. declares consulting fees from Boerhinger Ingelheim, Air Liquide, Acticor Biotech, and Amgen. S.R. declares contracts from Boerhinger Ingelheim France, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, and Pfizer SAS. 1

Kræftens Bekæmpelse 3

Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC: 2014/1183, C8221/A19170; Seventh Framework Programme, FP7: 2014/1193, 313010, C19335/A21351; National Research Council, NRC; World Cancer Research Fund International, WCRF; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Imperial College London; European Commission, EC; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Generalitat de Catalunya; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, ARC; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: 2009-139, 2013/1002, 2014-1-RT-02-CIRC-1, 2015-166; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, APS; National Research Council, NRC; Imperial Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, ECMC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C19335/A21351, C8221/ A29017; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Imperial College London; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; International Council of Ophthalmology, ICO; National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF: WCRF 2014/1180; Imperial College London; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN 1

Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; National Research Council, NRC; Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: A29017, C570/A16491, C8221/A19170; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; European Commission, EC; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: PI15/00639; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF; Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía; Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF 1

Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Cancer Research UK, CRUK; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; University of Cambridge; Imperial College London; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, ARC; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: 2015-166; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: 1000143, MR/M012190/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C8221/A29017; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; University of Cambridge; Imperial College London; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Institut National Du Cancer, INCa: 2009‐139, 2014‐1‐RT‐02‐CIRC‐1; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; National Research Council, NRC; University of Maryland School of Public Health, SPH; Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A29017; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Imperial College London; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: PI15/00639; European Social Fund, ESF; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; European Regional Development Fund, ERDF: FI19/00197; NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC 1

Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_00011/6, MR/M012190/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF European Commission, EC Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer Vetenskapsrådet, VR Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM Institut Gustave-Roussy Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC Fondation Gustave Roussy 1

LabEx FOCUS 1

LabEx FOCUS ANR-11-LABX-0013CNES 1

LabEx FOCUS (UGA), CNES 1

LABEX IMU (ANR-10-LABX-0088/ ANR11-IDEX-0007) 1

Laboratoire CIREL 1

Laboratoire GERiiCO 1

Laboratoire Triangle (UMR5206) 1

La Direction Générale de la Prévention des Risques du Ministère en charge de l'écologie a soutenu financièrement l'Université Gustave Eiffel et le Cerema. 1

La Societe Francophone de Nephrologie et de Dialyse; La Societe Francaise de Nephrologie Dialyse Transplantation; l'Agence de BiomedecineFrench National Research Agency (ANR); Nimes University Hospital 1

Le projet a été soutenu financièrement par le Ministère de la Santé et des Sports, Secrétariat d’Etat aux Sports. 1

Leroy Merlin Source, ADEME, ANAH 1

Les auteurs remercient le Ministère de l'environnement (MEDDAD - Programme PDD "Paysage et Développement Durable"), le Conseil français de l'énergie, l'Agence de l'environnement et de la maîtrise de l'énergie (ADEME) (Convention 07 10 C 0019), la Région Ile-de-France, le réseau R2DS et le Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS - Programme Interdisciplinaire pour l'Energie) pour le soutien financier apporté à cette recherche. 1

Les données présentées dans cet article sont issues du projet de recherche "Grenelle de l'environnement", qui a reçu un financement du Ministère de l'environnement et du Développement durable dans le cadre du programme de recherche "Concertation, Décision, Environnement" (2008-2011). 1

Les recherches sur les signalements profanes de clusters ont été financées par l'ADEME (Agence pour le développement et la maîtrise de l'énergie) # 04 10 C 0041, le programme CNRS SBSS (Sciences biomédicales santé société) # 08/2005/DR03, et le ministère de la Recherche (ATC Environnement-Santé) # 04 5667. 1

Ligue Contre le Cancer 5

Ligue Contre le Cancer Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Institut Gustave-Roussy Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm 1

Ligue Contre le Cancer (support for the E3N cohort and PhD fellowship to Manon Cairat). Acknowledgements Disclaimer 1

Lions Clubs International Foundation 1

LK Research Funds 3

LSHM_CT_2006_037197 N∫ 6236 National Institutes of Health, NIH: DK26190 Compagnia di San Paolo Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Medical Research Council, MRC: MC_UU_12015/1, MC_UU_12015/5, MR/N003284/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Västerbotten Läns Landsting Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Agentschap NL: IGE05012 Vetenskapsrådet, VR Umeå Universitet Bundesministerium für Forschung und Technologie, BMFT Deutsche Krebshilfe Bundesministerium fÃ¼r Bildung und Frauen, BMBF Stichting Diabetes Onderzoek Nederland NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, BRC NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre: IS-BRC-1215-20014 1

LZ and GK were supported by the Ligue contre le Cancer (équipe labelisée); Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) francogermanique ANR‐19‐CE15‐0029, ANR Projects blancs; ANR under the frame of E‐Rare‐2, the ERA‐Net for Research on Rare Diseases; Association pour la recherche sur le cancer (ARC); Bristol‐Myers Squibb Company (International Immuno‐Oncology Network), Cancéropôle Ile‐de‐France; Chancellerie des universités de Paris (Legs Poix), Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM); a donation by Elior; the European Commission (ArtForce); the European Research Council (ERC); Fondation Carrefour; Institut National du Cancer (INCa); Inserm (HTE); Institut Universitaire de France; LeDucq Foundation; the LabEx Immuno‐Oncology; the RHU Torino Lumière (ANR‐16‐RHUS‐0008); H2020 ONCOBIOME, the Seerave Foundation; the SIRIC Stratified Oncology Cell DNA Repair and Tumor Immune Elimination (SOCRATE); FHU CARE, Dassault, and Badinter Philantropia, and the Paris Alliance of Cancer Research Institutes (PACRI). AC is supported by the CPRIT Research Training Program (RP170067). JEF was supported by Transgene and AGG was supported by FRM. AM has been or is currently an investigator in clinical trials sponsored by BMS, MSD, GSK/Tesaro, Janssen, Roche/Genentech, Pfizer, Astra Zeneca (AZ), Amgen. AM has been or is currently a member of Clinical Trial Scientific Steering Committee for AZ and GSK. AM has been or is currently a member of the scientific advisory board of the following companies: Merck Serono, Novartis, BMS, Symphogen, Amgen, Tesaro/GSK, Pfizer, Astra Zeneca/Medimmune, Servier, Sanofi. AM has provided Scientific & Medical Consulting to the following companies: Roche, Sanofi. AM is a member of the Data Safety and Monitoring Board for the following trial NCT02423863 (TLR3 agonist; Oncovir). AM has received research funding and or drug supply for pre‐Clinical and clinical research projects from: BMS, Boehringer Ingelheim, Idera, MSD, Fondation MSD Avenir, SIRIC (INCa‐DGOS‐Inserm_12551). 1

Main funding of the epigenetic studies in INMA were grants from Instituto de Salud Carlos III ( Red INMA G03/176 , CB06/02/0041 ), Spanish Ministry of Health ( FIS-PI04/1436 , FIS-PI08/1151 including FEDER funds, FIS-PI11/00610 , FIS-FEDER-PI06/0867 , FIS-FEDER-PI03–1615 , FIS-FEDER PI16/1288 , FIS-FEDER PI19/1338 ; Miguel Servet FEDER 15/0025 and 20/0006 ; FIS-FSE : 17/00260 ), Generalitat de Catalunya-CIRIT 1999SGR 00241 , Generalitat Valenciana BEST/2020/059 , Fundacio ́ La Marato ́ de TV3 ( 090,430 ), EU Commission ( 261357 -MeDALL: Mechanisms of the Development of ALLergy), and European Research Council ( 268479 -BREATHE: Brain dEvelopment and Air polluTion ultrafine particles in school childrEn). 1

Maison des Sciences de l'Homme d'Aquitaine-Conseil Régional d'Aquitaine-Université Toulouse-Jean Jaurès 2

Marie Skłodowska-Curie FP7 European Commission 1

Marie Skłodowska-Curie FP7 IEF European Commission 1

M. Cairat was supported by a research scholarship from the Ligue Contre le Cancer. M. Al Rahmoun was supported by a research scholarship from the French National Cancer Institute (INCa_13539). 1

M-C Desseroit’s PhD is partly funded by Brest Métropôle Océane. F. Tixier is funded by the association “Sport and Collection”, CHRU Poitiers. This work has received a French government support granted to the CominLabs excellence laboratory and managed by the National Research Agency in the "Investing for the Future" program under reference ANR-10-LABX-07-01. With the support of the National Institute of Cancer (INCa project #C14020NS). The original trials from which the images used in this study were obtained were supported by the U.S. National Cancer Institute through grants U01-CA079778 and U01-CA080098 and by Merck & Co., Inc. 1

MC received a PhD scholarship (CIFRE contract no 2020/0967) funded by Bultex and the French Agency of Research and Technology. The Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance is a partner of the French-speaking network ReFORM, recognized as a Research Centre for the Prevention of Injury and Illness and the Protection of Athletes by the International Olympic Committee (IOC). As a member of the IOC Medical Research Network, FIIRST has received funding from the IOC to establish long-term research. 1

MEDDE 1

Medical-Engineering Cross Foundation of Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1

Medical Research Council 3

Medtronic 1

Medtronic; Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 1

MEEDDAT (ministère de l'Ecologie, de l'Energie, du Développement Durable et de l'Aménagement du Territoire) 1

MEL (Métropole Européenne de Lille) 1

Métropole Grand Nancy - Convention : n°2016-01834 1

MFC and GP were recipients of fellowships from the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS). This work was supported by the ANRS and the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP, Paris). 1

Ministère de la Culture 1

Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, Ministère de l’Écologie, du Développement durable, des Transports et du Logement, Atelier international du Grand Paris et des projets architecturaux et urbains, Ignis mutat res - Penser l’architecture, la ville et les paysages au prisme de l’énergie, 2011 1

Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation 1

Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation, Projet COMPETLAIT 1

Ministère de l'Agriculture et de l'Alimentation (projet Metha'Revenus, CEP 2018 AAP 01), PSDR4 (projet BIOCA) 1

Ministere de la Recherche 1

Ministere de la Sante 1

Ministère de la Santé 4

Ministere de la sante a pharmaceutical grant from Pfizer France 1

Ministère de la Santé et des Sports, Secrétariat d’état aux sports 1

Ministère de la Transition Ecologique 1

Ministère de la Transition écologique et de la Cohésion des territoires 1

Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire 1

Ministère de la transition écologique - Programme Paysage et développement durable 2 1

Ministère de l'Ecologie 1

Ministère de l'Ecologie. CGDD Direction de la recherche et de l'innovation 1

Ministère de l'Écologie, de l'Énergie, du Développement durable et de la Mer (MEEDDM) 1

Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement Durable des Transports et du Logement (MEDDTL) 1

Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement Durable, des Transports et du Logement (MEDDTL) 1

Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable et de l'Energie 1

Ministère de l’Écologie, du développement Durable et de l’Énergie 1

Ministère de l’Écologie, du Développement Durable et de l’Énergie 1

Ministère de l'écologie, du développement durable et de l'énergie,Chaire Finance Durable et Investissement Responsable,Labex ECODEC (projet RESSOR et FORTERESSE, GENRE)CEPREMAP (projet GENRE) 1

MINISTÈRE DE L'ÉCOLOGIE, DU DÉVELOPPEMENT DURABLE ET DE L'ÉNERGIE Direction Générale de l'Aménagement, du Logement et de la Nature Plan Urbanisme Construction Architecture Programme 190 - Décision attributive N° M 1004 (EJ 2100 157 061) du 27/10/10 1

Ministère de l'Écologie et du Développement durable 1

Ministère de l'écologie et du développement durableContrat doctoral CIFRE, Conseil général des Deux-Sèvres 1

Ministère de l’Économie et des Finances 1

Ministère de l Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l Innovation 1

Ministère de l'Enseignement supérieur, de la Recherche et de l'Innovation 2

Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche 1

Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche Scientifique 1

Ministère de l'Environnement, de l’Énergie et de la Mer 1

Ministère de l'environnement, programme Paysage et développement durable 1

Ministère des Affaires Etrangères 1

Ministère des Affaires Sociales, de la Santé et des Droits des Femmes 1

Ministère des affaires sociales, de la santé et du droit des femmes, Ministère aux personnes handicapées et à la lutte contre l'exclusion 1

Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 6

Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé, (13-0610) 1

Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: 2009-04 Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris: NI10052 12059, NCT02814682 1

Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: AOM04084 1

Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé: AOM 09114 R0 8156LL Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Roche 1

Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé, (AOR 12068) 1

Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé; Direction Générale de l’offre de Soins, DGOS 1

Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé, DirectionGénérale de l’Offre de Soins (DGOS) 1

Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé; Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 1

Ministère des Droits des femmesMinistère de l’Éducation nationale, de l’enseignement supérieur et de la rechercheMinistère de l’IntérieurInstitut national d’études démographiques (Ined)Mission interministérielle de lutte contre les drogues et les conduites addictives (Mildeca)Institut national de prévention et d’éducation pour la santé (Inpes)Agence nationale de recherche sur le sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS)Centre Hubertine-Auclert – centre francilien de ressources pour l’égalité femmes-hommesCaisse nationale des allocations familiales (Cnaf)Observatoire de l’égalité entre les femmes et les hommes – Ville de ParisAgence nationale pour la cohésion sociale et l’égalité des chances (ACSE)Comité interministériel de prévention de la délinquance et de la radicalisation(CIPDR)Mission de recherche Droit et JusticeDéfenseur des DroitsMutualité françaiseConseil général de l’EssonneConseil général de la SommeConseil général des Bouches-du RhôneConseil général du Val-de-MarneConseil général de Meurthe-et-MoselleConseil général de Seine-Saint-Denis 1

Ministère des Solidarités et de la santé 1

Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé and Ministère de l'Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation 1

Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé: PHRIP 16\u20130206 1

Ministère des Transports, de l’Équipement, du Tourisme et de la Mer (MTETM) 1

Ministère en charge de l'écologie 3

Ministère en charge du logement - Cerema 1

Ministère espagnol de l’Économie, de l’Industrie et la Compétitivité (MINECO), l’Agence nationale de la recherche (AEI) et le Fonds européen de développement régional (FEDER)(2018-2021) 1

Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport 3

Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Deutsche Krebshilfe Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A19170, 14136 VetenskapsrÃ¥det, VR Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Bundesministerium fÃ¼r Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Bundesministerium fÃ¼r Bildung und Frauen, BMBF Institut National de la SantÃ© et de la Recherche MÃ©dicale, Inserm KrÃ¦ftens BekÃ¦mpelse, DCS Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: PI15/00639 German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ National Research Council, NRC 6236 Generalitat de Catalunya European Commission, EC European Regional Development Fund, FEDER Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC RD06/0020 Deutsche Krebshilfe German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ PI13/01162, PI13/00061 Cancerfonden World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF: ERC-2009-AdG 232997 NordForsk Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1 European Regional Development Fund, FEDER 1

Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Deutsche Krebshilfe Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A19170, C570/A16491 VetenskapsrÃ¥det, VR Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer Bundesministerium fÃ¼r Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Bundesministerium fÃ¼r Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm KrÃ¦ftens BekÃ¦mpelse, DCS CAN 2016/545 German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ National Research Council, NRC Cancer Research Foundation in Northern Sweden European Commission, EC Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, IARC RD06/0020 German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Cancerfonden PI13/01162, PI13/00061 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF: ERC-2009-AdG 232997 NordForsk Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1 1

Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, MEXTAgence Nationale de la Recherche, ANR ANR-11-RSNR-0002Japan Atomic Energy Agency, JAEA 1

Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports of the Czech Republic [LM2015082, CZ.1.05/4.1.00/11.0251] 1

Ministry of Health-AOM10113 1

Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation 1

Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports 1

MITRA-UA Project (a contract between IRSN and UIAR NUBiP of Ukraine \u201CStudies on radionuclides transfer in agricultural ecosystem\u201D, 31001327) 1

MIVI 1

MJYP received fellowships from "le Ministère de l'Education Nationale, de la Recherche et de la Technologie" and from SIDACTION. JFD received a fellowship from the French Agency for AIDS Research (ANRS). PSR was supported by a fellowship from the «Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia». IP is supported by NIH grants ROI AI064066 (IP) and P51RR000164. This study was supported by grants from the ANRS and The Institut Pasteur. 1

MNHN 1

MRI data acquisition was supported by the Neurinfo MRI research facility from the University of Rennes I. Neurinfo is granted by the European Union (FEDER), the French State, the Brittany Council, Rennes Metropole, Inria, Inserm and the University Hospital of Rennes. This work has been funded by Institut des Neurosciences Cliniques de Rennes (INCR). The authors thank Mr Stéphane Brousse and Mr Jacques Soulabaille for their involvement in the conduct of the study. 1

MSD France 1

Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) 1

Mutualité Sociale Agricole 2

Mutuelle Générale de l Education Nationale 4

Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale 3

Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Institut Gustave-Roussy Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm 1

Nantes Métropole 1

Nantes Métropole - Agence d'Urbanisme de la Région Nantaise (AURAN) 1

Nantes Metropole and the Pays de la Loire Region. 1

National Agency for Research on Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and Viral Hepatitis, Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida 1

National Health and Medical Research Council 1

National Institute for Health and Care Research 1

National Institute for Public Health and the Environment 2

National Institute of Health and Medical Research (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale - INSERM); the National Research Agency (ANR); the French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (AFSSET); the National Endocrine Disruptor Research Program of the French Ministry of Environment; the General Health directorate (DGS); the French Institute for Public Health Surveillance. 1

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (2U10 AA 13566); National Institute on Aging (K23 G00826); Robert Wood Johnson Generalist Faculty Scholar Award; an Inter- Agency Agreement between National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Mental Health, and the Veterans Health Administration; the VHA Office of Research and Development; and, VHA Public Health Strategic Health Care Group. 1

National Institutes of Health 1

National Institutes of Health, NIH; National Cancer Institute, NCI; Breast Cancer Now, BCN; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, DCEG; European Commission, EC; National Health and Medical Research Council, NHMRC: 1011618, 1164455; Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, ARC; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Seventh Framework Programme, FP7; Institut National Du Cancer, INCa 1

National Institutes of Health, NIH: U01 CA-167552, U01 CA-176726, U01 HL-145386, UM1 CA-186107; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC: R01 OH-10359 1

National Key Research and Development Program of China 1

National Natural Science Foundation of China 1

National Research Council 3

NAWA International Academic Partnership Programme EUROPARTNER, PPI/APM/2018/1/00007/U/001 1

NCT04338100Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 1

NERSARC+ 1

Netherlands Cancer Registry 3

NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre 3

NKR 3

NOME 1

Novartis 1

NRCTM 1

Numéro de contrat : PRC 20.4 - Étude réalisée par les membres d’EcoSD pour ce projet cofinancé par l'ADEME - Projet de recherche coordonné par : EcoSD; Projets de Recherche Collaboratif 2020, Coordination technique - ADEME 1

Observatoire des Politiques Culturelles / Fédération des Sociétés de Musique d’Alsace, le Conseil Régional d’Alsace / IEP de Strasbourg 1

OCDE 1

OFB 1

OFB FUSEAU 1

Office français de la biodiversité (OFB) 1

Office National de l’Eau et des Milieux Aquatiques 1

Onema 1

Onema, Agence de l'Eau Seine-Normandie, Ministère français de l'Environnement 1

Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEAL. The InterConnect project is funded by the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme (grant number 602068). FJ and MBS acknowledge funding from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research and the State of Brandenburg to the German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD) (82DZD00302). Furthermore, this work was supported by the NutriAct – Competence Cluster Nutrition Research Berlin-Potsdam funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (FKZ: 01EA1806A). This work was funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) - 491394008. This work was done as part of the NFDI4Health Consortium ( www.nfdi4health.de ). We gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) – NFDI 13/1. NJW and NGF acknowledge funding from the Medical Research Council Epidemiology Unit (MC_UU_00006/1and MC_UU_00006/3) and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre Cambridge: Nutrition, Diet, and Lifestyle Research Theme (IS-BRC-1215-20014). NGF is an NIHR Senior Investigator (G111539). TB acknowledges funding from EUCAN-Connect under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant agreement number 824989). The InterAct project was funded by the EU FP6 programme (grant number LSHM_CT_2006_037197). MBR and MAMG acknowledge that the SUN Project has received funding from the Spanish Government-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER) (RD 06/0045, CIBER-OBN, Grants PI10/02658, PI10/02293, PI13/00615, PI14/01668, PI14/01798, PI14/01764, PI17/01795, PI20/00564 and G03/140), PNSD-2020/021, the Navarra Regional Government (27/2011, 45/2011, 122/2014), PNSD 2020/2021, and the University of Navarra. LB and AW acknowledge that the COSM and SMC are part of the Swedish Infrastructure for Medical Population-Based Life-Course and Environmental Research, SIMPLER. SIMPLER receives funding through the Swedish Research Council (grant no 2017–00644). RM acknowledges funding from the Tehran University of Medical Sciences (grant number: 81/15), Cancer Research UK (grant number: C20/A5860), the Intramural Research Program of the U.S. National Cancer Institute, NIH, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. SMAM and VCL acknowledge that ELSA-Brasil was supported by the Brazilian Ministry of Health (Department of Science and Technology) and Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation (Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos (FINEP); grant numbers 01 06 0010.00, 01 06 0212.00, 01 06 0300.00, 01 06 0278.00, 01 06 0115.00 and 01 06 0071.00) and the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq). JK acknowledges funding from the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Ministry for Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (4845-301 and 4851-302), and the Collaborative Genome Program for Fostering New Post-Genome Industry of the National Research Foundation (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT (NRF-2017M3C9A6047623). DS and ML acknowledge that this work of MTC was supported by the American Institute for Cancer Research (grant number 05B047) and the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT) (grant number S0008-2009-1: 000000000115312). LLM acknowledges funding from the US National Institutes of Health grant U01 CA164973; SSSM received the Wiebe Visser International Dairy Nutrition Prize and has received recent research funding (2019) for epidemiological studies on dairy products and cardiometabolic diseases from the Dutch Dairy Association and the Danish Dairy Research Foundation. PMV and PV acknowledge funding from GlaxoSmithKline, the Faculty of Biology and Medicine of Lausanne, and the Swiss National Science Foundation (grants 33CSCO-122661, 33CS30-139468, 33CS30-148401 and 33CS30_177535/1). MK and the Whitehall II study were supported by the UK Medical Research Council (MRCMR/R024227/1), the Wellcome Trust (221854/Z/20/Z) and the US National Institutes of Health (NIH, RF1AG062553, R01AG056477), during the conduct of the study. The funding sources did not participate in the design or conduct of the study; collection, management, analysis, or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript. 1

Open access funding provided by Umea University. Funding for the InterAct project was provided by the EU FP6 Programme (grant number LSHM_CT_2006_037197). The autoantibody measurement was funded by Västerbotten County Council and Umeå University, Sweden (OR), the National Institutes of Health (DK26190) (CSH) and the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12015/1) (NJW). OR: the Västerbotten County Council, Umeå University; MDC: Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health; Murcia Regional Government (N∫ 6236); EA: the Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health and Navarre Regional Government; RK: German Cancer Aid, the German Ministry of Research (BMBF); TJK: Cancer Research UK; KTK: the Medical Research Council UK, Cancer Research UK; PMN: the Swedish Research Council; KO: the Danish Cancer Society; SP: Compagnia di San Paolo; AMWS: the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands; RT: AIRE-ONLUS Ragusa, AVIS-Ragusa, Sicilian Regional Government; AMWS: LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF); YTvdS: verification of diabetes cases was additionally funded by NL Agency grant IGE05012 and an Incentive Grant from the Board of the UMC Utrecht, LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds; NGF: MRC core support (MC_UU_12015/5); NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre (IS-BRC-1215-20014). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Acknowledgements 1

Orléans Métropole 2

O. Rolandsson: The Västerboten County Council; M. Dorronsoro: We thank the participants of the Spanish EPIC cohort for their contribution to the study as well as to the team of trained nurses who participated in the recruitment; R. Kaaks: German Cancer Aid, German Ministry of Research (BMBF); K. T. Khaw: Medical Research Council UK, Cancer Research UK; T. Kühn: German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF); S. Panico: Compagnia di San Paolo; A. M. W. Spijkerman: EPIC Bilthoven and Utrecht acknowledge the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); EPIC Ragusa acknowledges for their participation blood donors of AVIS-Ragusa (local blood donors association); Y. T. van der Schouw: EPIC Bilthoven and Utrecht acknowledge the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), WCRF, Statistics Netherland; E. Riboli: Imperial College Biomedical Research Centre. 1

Our study has been funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the project PI15/00639 (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund [ERDF], a way to build Europe). We thank CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. Regional Government of Asturias, German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM, France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); ERC-2009-AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (no. 6236) and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020; Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPICNorfolk; C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPICNorfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford, United Kingdom). 1

Outre le financement PREBAT (ADEME-PUCA), cette recherche bénéficie d'une bourse doctorale de la Région Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur et d'un financement partiel de l'agence Nationale de la Recherche ans le cadre du programme "Vulnérabilités : à l'articulation du sanitaire et du social", ANR-08-VULN-002, responsable scientifique Claire Lévy-Vroelant, Université Paris VIII 1

Ouvrage issu de travaux du programme de recherche et d’innovation dansles transports terrestres PREDIT, publié avec le soutien de la Directionde la Recherche et de l ’Innovation (service de la recherche) du Commissariatgénéral au Développement durable du Ministère français de l ’Environnement,de l’Écologie et de la Mer (MEEM/CGDD/DRI/SR). 1

Parc national de La Réunion 1

Parc naturel marin d'Iroise 1

Parc Naturel Régional du Haut-Languedoc 1

Parlement Européen 1

PARSEC is funded by the Belmont Forum through the National Science Foundation (NSF), The São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), the French National Research Agency (ANR). J.M. is grateful for the support from FAPESP (grant 2020/03514–9), R.D. is grateful for the support from EOSC-Life (grant agreement N°824087) 1

Part of this study was supported by the ‘CPER/Region Guadeloupe’, grant nr. J-2-1-J210002, by the PHRC-API 2012, by APL 2010-Recherche Clinique CHU Pointe-a-Pitre, and by the ‘Conseil Regional de la Guadeloupe’, fellow-ship to R. H., who also received supports from the association ‘Guadeloupe - Espoir - Drepanocytose’, Club Soroptimist de Pointe-a-Pitre, Semsamar Guadeloupe and Fondation Semsamar Solidarites Saint-Martin 1

Part of this work was funded by a grant from the Conseil Régional d’Ile de France (grantnumber EX024087) and from Ziwig, Inc. 1

PB was supported by U.S. Army Medical Materiel Development Agency. CM was partially funded by the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida et les hépatites virales (ANRS). 1

PCOFUND-GA-2013-609102 National Institutes of Health, NIH Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC: UM1 CA‐176726 Marie Curie Research Executive Agency, REA UniversitÃ© Pierre et Marie Curie, UPMC 1

PETR Forêt d'Orléans - Loire - Sologne 1

PETR Pays Loire Beauce 1

PFIS 1

Pfizer 1

Pfizer Foundation 1

Pfizer Foundation Fondation de France 1

PHRC20‐0424, Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 1

PI13/00061, PI13/01162 Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF European Commission, EC European Research Council, ERC: ERC-2009-AdG 232997 Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Generalitat de Catalunya: 2014 SGR 726, RD12/0036/0018 Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca, AGAUR Ligue Contre le Cancer Vetenskapsrådet, VR Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII: CP15/00100 European Social Fund, ESF Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Institut Gustave-Roussy European Regional Development Fund, ERDF Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF 1

PI13/00061, PI13/01162 RD06/0020 6236 KrÃ¦ftens BekÃ¦mpelse, DCS Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, ESF National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC: CP15/00100, MR/M012190/1 Cancer Research UK, CRUK: C8221/A19170 World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF: ERC-2009-AdG 232997 European Commission, EC Institut National de la SantÃ© et de la Recherche MÃ©dicale, Inserm Bundesministerium fÃ¼r Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer VetenskapsrÃ¥det, VR Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII NordForsk European Social Fund, ESF Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Mutuelle GÃ©nÃ©rale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN 1

PIA ADEME 1

PIA Jeunesse de la Métropole de Lille 1

PIA Jeunesse de la Métropole de Lille (ANRU) 1

PIA Jeunesse Métropole européenne de Lille 1

PIA-PSPC FIABILIN 1

PIA-PSPC SINFONI 1

PIVOTS project by the Centre-Val de Loire region (ARD 2020 program and CPER 2015-2020) 1

Plan France Médecine Génomique 2025, Ministère Des Affaires Sociales et de La Santé 1

Plateforme d’observation des projets et stratégies urbaines 1

Plate-forme d'Observation des Projets et Stratégies Urbaines (POPSU) 1

PNR des Vosges du Nord 1

PNR EST 4

POPSU Transition (Dijon Métropole – GIP L’Europe des projets architecturaux et urbains (EPAU)) 1

PREDIT 4 (2008-2012) - Groupe opérationnel n°6 "Politiques de transport", Convention de subvention n°09 MT CV 06 Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable et de l'Énergie, en charge des Technologies vertes et des Négociations sur le climat. "Les territoires des politiques de transport : Action publique, Intermodalité, Mobilité durable" 1

Predit
Ademe
CUB 1

Programme ADEME TEES-TransUrba 1

Programme CDE 2 (2008-2012), ADEME, Ministère de l’Écologie et du développement durable. 1

Programme CDE2 : Concertation, Décision, Environnement - Ministère de l’écologie, du développement durable, des transports et du logement 3

Programme CDE; Ministère de l'écologie et ADEME 1

Programme CDE, Ministère de l'environnement (2009-2011) 6

Programme Concertation, décision, environnement, ADEME, MEEDDAT 1

Programme Concertation, Décision, Environnement / Ministère de l'Ecologie 1

Programme Concertation, Décision, Environnement / Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable - APR 2008 1

Programme franco-indien TRISHNA du CNES (2020-2025) 1

Programme Hospitalier de la Recherche Clinique 1

Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (French Department of Health) [PHRCN-12008-0437] 1

Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (PHRC) from Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (grant # AOR11111). PK was the recipient of a “Contrat d’Interface Inserm pour hospitaliers.” 1

Programme national POPSU 3 : la métropole et les autres 3

Programme NEUTRINO du Research Council of Lithuania (New generation multi-task recognition from satelliteimage algorithms for climate monitoring, 2023-2026) 1

Programme Plateforme d'Observations des Projets et des Stratégies Urbaines POPSU 2 http://www.popsu.archi.fr/popsu2/accueil GIP AIGP (Atelier International du Grand Paris) PUCA Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable et de l'Energie 1

Programme TOSCA du CNES-AIMCEE (Apport de l’Imagerie Satellitaire Multi-Capteurs pour répondre aux Enjeux Environnementaux et sociétaux des socio-systèmes urbains, 2020-2023) 1

Projet ADEME Résiliance. 1

Projet ADEME Résiliancelab recherche environnement VINCI ParisTech 1

Projet ADEME SAM 1

Projet ADEME SAM 1982C0034 1

Projet ADEME SAM 982C0034 1

Projet CARBOVAL, co-financé par l'Agence de l'Energie de Nouvelle-Calédonie (ACE) (#CS17-3160-00) et l'ADEME (#1894C0021). 2

Projet CNES EROFALITT“Service National d'Observation” DYNALIT 1

Projet COLCICCA, CEREMA/IFSTTAR/Chambre d'Agriculture des hauts de France/ Région Hauts-de-France 1

Projet Cosmeteau financé par l'AFB et l'AESN, et programme OPUR financé par l'AESN, le SIAAP, la Ville de Paris, les CD 92, CD93 et CD94 1

Projet de recherche 2009 ADEME-Région Nord-pas-de-Calais 1

Projet "Du peuplier pour l'avenir" (financement Ministère de l'Agriculture) 1

Projet "Grenelle : acteurs, discours, effets", Programme Concertation, décision, environnement / Ministère de l'écologie (2009-2011) 1

Projet INNOV (DGITM); Projet INNOVplus (ADEME) 1

Projet TRANSaction FOncière et Régulation des usages des Milieux aquatiquEs (Transforme) financé par l'OFB 1

Projet Vilagil, co-financé par Toulouse Métropole et par France 2030 dans le cadre du programme Territoires d'innovation opéré par la Banque des territoires 1

PUCA 1

PUCA - Caisse des dépôts et consignations (Institut pour la recherche- 1

PUCA (Ministère), Région PACA, Caisse des dépôts et Consignations 1

Rapport partiellement financé par la Métropole Européenne de Lille 1

RC16_0474, Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 1

RD06/0020 6236 Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS German Cancer Research Center, DKFZ Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC Wellcome Trust, WT: C570/A16491, C8221/A19170, MR/M012190/1 National Research Council, NRC Medical Research Council, MRC British Heart Foundation, BHF Cancer Research UK, CRUK World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF: WCRF 2013/1002 Food Standards Agency, FSA Stroke Association European Commission, EC Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF Cancerfonden Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS Ligue Contre le Cancer Stavros Niarchos Foundation, SNF Instituto de Salud Carlos III, ISCIII Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC Deutsche Krebshilfe Associazione Iblea per la Ricerca Epidemiologica, AIRE Institut Gustave-Roussy Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Greece Fondation Gustave Roussy Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF 1

RD06/0020; Kræftens Bekæmpelse, DCS; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ; Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer, CIRC; Wellcome Trust, WT; National Research Council, NRC; Medical Research Council, MRC: MR/M012190/1; British Heart Foundation, BHF; Department of Health and Social Care, DH; Cancer Research UK, CRUK: 14136, C570/A16491, C8221/A19170; World Cancer Research Fund, WCRF; Food Standards Agency, FSA; Stroke Association; European Commission, EC; European Research Council, ERC: ERC‐2009‐AdG 232997; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; Cancerfonden; Ministerie van Volksgezondheid, Welzijn en Sport, VWS; Ligue Contre le Cancer; Stavros Niarchos Foundation, SNF; Vetenskapsrådet, VR; NordForsk; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro, AIRC; Deutsche Krebshilfe; Institut National Du Cancer, INCa; Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu, RIVM; Institut Gustave-Roussy; Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, MGEN; Consejería de Salud y Familias, Junta de Andalucía: 6236; Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Greece; Cancer Research UK Manchester Centre, MCRC; Hellenic Health Foundation, HHF 1

REACTing (REsearch & ACtion emergING infectious diseases) consortium. Grant Number: PHRC20-0424 Ministère des Affaires Sociales et de la Santé 1

Réalisé à l'occasion d'un stage au Département de la Recherche de l'Agence Française de Développement (AFD) 1

Réalisé sur un financement Ademe 1

Recherche action avec la Ville de Roubaix et le soutien de la Métropole Européenne de Lille. 1

Recherche-action est à la fois soutenue par Orléans Métropole et l’État, via le programme POPSU, ainsi que par 2 PETR et la région Centre-Val de Loire, via le dispositif « A VOS ID ». 1

Recherche financée par la Dares (Ministère du Travail) dans le cadre du Comité d'évaluation des ordonnances Travail présidé par France Stratégie. 1

Recherche financée par l’ADEME (décision de financement n°1366C0046 du 2 août 2013) 1

Recherche financée par Ministère de la Santé et de la Protection Sociale Direction de la Recherche, des Etudes, de l'Evaluation et des Statistiques Mission Recherche (MiRe) 1

Regional council of Nouvelle Aquitaine region 1

Région Bretagne / ADEME 1

Région Franche-Comté 1

Région Ile-de-France 1

Région Île-de-France 2

Region Lorraine and the European Space Agency (ESA) through an NPI contract 1

Région Normandie 1

Région Nouvelle Aquitaine, Agence Française de Développement 1

Région Pays de Loire 1

Région Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Ministère de l'écologie et du développement durable 1

Rencontres Champlain-Montaigne, Ville de Québec, Ville de Bordeaux, Conférence régionale des élus de la Capitale-Nationale, Conseil régional d'Aquitaine, Université Laval, Pôle universitaire de Bordeaux 1

Research funded in part by Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) (ANR- 2010-PRSP-003, and the Large-Scale Genome-Wide Association Study of Asthma (GABRIEL), a multidisciplinary study to identify the genetic and environmental causes of asthma in the European Community (contract 018996 from the European Commission). 1

Reseau des Dyskinesies Ciliaires Primitives (Reseaux des maladies rares de l’Association Francaise desMyopathies et de l’Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale) and by the Assistance Publique des Hopitaux de Paris (CRC 96125) 1

Rijksinstituut voor Volksgezondheid en Milieu 2

RP1-E19045 Thèse ADEME-SNCF TER Mobilités PdL 1

RP2-F17095, CEREMA CNOSSOS (2017-2018) 3

RRA, National Radio Research Agency 1

Sanofi 1

Sanofi laboratory 1

Sanofi-Synthélabo, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, MGEN, Institut de la Longévité, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, the Regions Aquitaine, Bourgogne et Languedoc-Roussillon, Fondation de France, Ministère de la recherche -Inserm Programme "Cohortes et collecte de données biologiques". 1

Sante publique France (the French Public Health Agency); Saint-Maurice, France [9/25/2002-5]; French National Research Program for Environmental and Occupational Health of Anses [EST-2016/1/42] 1

Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality 1

Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research, and Sport of the Slovak Republic (VEGA), Project Nos. 1/0756/20 and 01/0136/18 1

Séjour de recherche à l'étranger, Financement PACTE / Commission scientifique de l'IEP de Grenoble (appel préciput ANR) & Chaire Ville de Sciences Po 1

Service de la recherche du Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable et de l'ÉnergieProgramme "Paysage et développement durable" 1

Seventh Framework Programme 1

Shanghai Municipal Education Commission 1

Shanghai Pilot Program for Basic Research Shanghai Jiao Tong University 1

Shanghai Shenkang Hospital Development Center 1

Sigrid Juselius Foundation 1

Slovak Research and Development Agency (APVV), Project Nos. SK-BY-RD-19-0019 and SK-PL-18-0080 1

Smith, Kline and French 1

Sources of Funding: Medical Research Council; British Heart Foundation; Wellcome Trust; Health and Safety Executive; Department of Health; Agency for Health Care Policy Research, UK; John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socio-economic Status and Health; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and National Institute on Aging, NIH, US; Academy of Finland, Finland; EU New OSH ERA Research Programme and European Science Foundation. MK and JV are supported by the Academy of Finland. GDB is a Wellcome Trust Fellow. GDB is a Wellcome Trust Fellow. MM is a MRC professor. MJS is supported by the British Heart Foundation, AS-M is supported by a "European Young Investigator Award" from the European Science Foundation, and JEF is supported by the Medical Research Council, UK. 1

Sources of Funding: Medical Research Council; British Heart Foundation; Wellcome Trust; Health and Safety Executive; Department of Health; Agency for Health Care Policy Research, UK; John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socio-economic Status and Health; National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and National Institute on Aging, NIH, US; Academy of Finland, Finland; EU New OSH ERA Research Programme and European Science Foundation. MK, STN and JV are supported by the Academy of Finland. MK is also supported by EU New OSH ERA Research Programme and the BUPA Foundation, UK. GDB is a Wellcome Trust Fellow. MM is a MRC professor. MJS and MH are supported by the British Heart Foundation, AS-M is supported by a "European Young Investigator Award" from the European Science Foundation, and JEF is supported by the Medical Research Council, UK. 1

Soutien aux cohortes pour la Recherche sur le Cancer, (AAP 2013, EP 2011); National Cancer Institute, NCI, (2019-1-TABAC); Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Inserm; National Radio Research Agency, RRA, (ANR-10-COHO-0007) 1

State Committee on Science and Technology of the Republic of Belarus (SCST RB) B20-SLKG-002 1

Subvention de recherche de la Fondation de France (année 2007) dans le cadre de l’appel à projets Maladies Psychiques et vie sociale des personnes adultes (projet n°2006006392). 1

Supported by grants from Secretariat d'Etat à la Recherche Scientifique et à la Technologie (PNM 95/SP08, 99/UR/088–59, UR/06/02) and Ministère de la Santé Publique (Tunisia) – Institut Français de Coopération (Coopération inter-hospitalière). 1

Supported by grants from the National Hospital Clinical Research Program of the French Ministry of Health (PHRC AOM 01004) and the Clinical Research Department of the Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris (FAP06011). 1

Supported by the French Ministry of Health and the Delegation for Clinical Research of the Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris. 1

Supported in part by grants from the National Cancer Plan (NKP 29_38) and FWO (G0B4414N); a research grant ‘Emmanuel van der Schueren’ from Kom Op Tegen Kanker (Stand up to Cancer); by the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche; the Université Paris Descartes; the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) and the SIRIC CARPEM; and the Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer (LNCC, Program “Equipe labelisée LIGUE,” EL2016.LNCC/VaT). 1

Supported in part by grants from the University Hospital of Nantes and Fondation Avenir in 2010, the French National Agency for Research, called “Investissements d’Avenir” IRON Labex ANR-11-LABX-0018-01 and ArronaxPlus Equipex ANR-11-EQPX-0004 and by a grant INCa-DGOS-Inserm_12558 (SIRIC ILIAD). 1

Susan Komen for Cure (CCR17483507) 1

The 3-City Study is conducted under a partnership agreement among the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), the Victor Segalen-Bordeaux II University, and Sanofi-Aventis. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and initiation of the study. The 3C Study is also supported by the Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN), Institut de la Longévité, Conseils Régionaux of Aquitaine and Bourgogne, Fondation de France, Caisse Nationale de Solidarité et Longévité (CNSA) and Ministry of Research-INSERM Programme "Cohortes et collections de données biologiques." SD, CD, and CT are recipients of a grant from the French National Research Agency (ANR). SD and CT are recipients of a grant from the Fondation Leducq. 1

The 3C Study is conducted under a partnership agreement between Inserm, the Victor Segalen–Bordeaux II University and Sanofi-Synthélabo and was supported by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, the Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, MGEN, Institut de la Longévité, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, the Regional Governments of Aquitaine, Bourgogne and Languedoc-Roussillon and, the Fondation de France, the Ministry of Research-Inserm Programme “Cohorts and collection of biological material”. The Lille Génopôle received a grant from Eisai. Part of this project is financed by two grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR) (projects 07-LVIE-004 and 06-PNRA-005). Isabelle Jaussent, Dr. Jean Bouyer, Dr. Marie-Laure Ancelin, Dr. Catherine Helmer and Dr. Alain Besset report no disclosures. Dr. Jean-Philippe Empana has received consultancy honoraria from Lundbeck and speaker honoraria from Pfizer. Dr. Karen Ritchie serves on scientific advisory boards for the Biomedical Research Centre, King’s College London, and MRC Strategic Steering Committee (Longitudinal Health and Aging Research Unit); and serves on the editorial advisory boards of the International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, Dementia, International Psychogeriatrics, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Gerontology, Psychogeriatrics, Neuronale, Neurologie-Psychiatrie- Gériatrie, and Gerontology. Dr. Christophe Tzourio has received fees from the Fondation Plan Alzheimer, the Fondation de Recherche sur l’Hypertension Artérielle, and the ABBOTT company for participating in scientific committees. He has also received investigator-initiated research funding from the French National Research Agency (ANR) and the Fondation Plan Alzheimer for the 3C study. He serves on the editorial advisory board of Neuroepidemiology, Journal of Hypertension, and Journal of Alzheimer’s disease. Pr. Yves Dauvilliers has received funds for speaking and board engagements with UCB pharma, Cephalon, Jazz, Novartis, and Bioprojet. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1

The 3C Study is conducted under a partnership agreement between the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), Victor-Segalen Bordeaux 2 University, and Sanofi-Aventis. The 3C-Study was also supported by the Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, MGEN, the Institut de la Longévité, Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé, the Regional Governments of Aquitaine, Bourgogne and Languedoc-Roussillon, the Fondation de France, the Ministry of Research-Inserm Programme 'Cohorts and collection of biological material', Novartis, the "ANR-Agence Nationale de la Recherche-The French National Research Agency" under the "Programme National de Recherche en Alimentation et nutrition humaine", project "COGINUT ANR-06-PNRA-005", the "Programme Longévité et vieillissement", project 07-LVIE-004" and 07-LVIE 003 01, the Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique (IReSP), Paris, France. 1

The AMI project was funded by AGRICA (CAMARCA, CRCCA, CCPMA PREVOYANCE, CPCEA, AGRI PREVOYANCE), la Mutualité Sociale Agricole (MSA) de Gironde, la Caisse Centrale de la Mutualité Sociale Agricole (CCMSA). The AGRICA Group is a specialist for companies and employees of the agricultural world seeking supplemental pension, savings and healthcare insurance. AGRICA is one of the major French insurance providers offering protection for people employed in the agricultural sector. The other fundings come from the Mutualité Sociale Agricole (MSA), which is the unique Farmer Health Insurance System in France. 2

The ANRS0001S COV-POPART cohort is sponsored by Inserm – ANRS MIE, conducted with the support of ANRS MIE and funded by French ministries (Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé and Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur, de la Recherche et de l’Innovation). 1

The ANRS-CO22 HEPATHER cohort was sponsored and funded by The French Research Agency ANRS (France REcherche Nord&Sud Sida-HIV Hépatites). 1

The authors acknowledge financial support from the “Impact Biomolecules” project ofthe “Lorraine Université d’Excellence” (in the context of the “Investissements d’avenir” programimplemented by the French National Research Agency—ANR project number 15-004). The authorswould also like to thank the financial support of ANR JCJC MELISSA (2020). 1

The authors acknowledge financial support from the "Impact Biomolecules" project of the "Lorraine Université d'Excellence" (in the context of the “Investissements d’avenir” program implemented by the French National Research Agency – ANR project number 15-004). The authors would like also to thank the financial support of Institut Carnot ICEEL (Project 2019, MELISSA ICEEL INTRA), the support of ANR JCJC MELISSA (2020) and a MESR grant of the French ministry (2020). The SPR technology is available on the B2S platform (University of Lorraine; https://umsibslor.univ-lorraine.fr/en/facility/biophysics-structural-biology-b2s) 1

The authors acknowledge funding from World Cancer Research Fund grant number 2014-02 and EC-BBMRI LPC (MG). RZ-R was supported by the “Miguel Servet” program (CPII20/00009) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (Co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF) - ESF investing in your future). 1

The authors acknowledge the support of the following contracts, partially funded by the European Commission Seventh Framework Programme FP7: BioSHaRE-EU project, grant agreement number 261433, theme FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage; BBMRI-LPC project, grant agreement number 313010, theme FP7-INFRA-2012-1.1.9. Further support was provided by the French infrastructure BIOBANQUES funded through ANR (Agence Nationalede la Recherche). The authors are also grateful to the Italian Ministry of Health (ISS ref. C003) and to the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (ISS ref. V16) for the support provided for Italian participation in BBMRI-ERIC. 1

The authors are grateful to the French National Research Agency for support under project ANR-13-BS03-0010 andthe French RENATECH network (French National Nanofabrication Platform), as well as the French Embassy of Singapore (Merlion project). 1

The authors are grateful to the Frères Mentouri University of Constantine 1 (Algeria) and the Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center (CRSP) for providing computing facilities. Are also acknowledged, the General Directorate of Scientific Research and Technological Development (DGRSDT) for the PRFU project (2022-2024: Grant No. B00L01EN250120220001) and the Thematic Research Agency in Health and Life Sciences – ATRSSV for the PNR (Grant 2022-2024). 1

The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Data used in preparation of this article were obtained in the context of CENTER-TBI, a large collaborative project with the support of the European Union 7th Framework program (EC Grant 602150). Additional funding was obtained from the Hannelore Kohl Stiftung (Germany), from OneMind (USA), and from Integra LifeSciences Corporation (USA). Data for the CENTER-TBI study were collected through the Quesgen e-CRF (Quesgen Systems Inc, USA), hosted on the INCF platform and extracted via the INCF Neurobot tool (INCF, Sweden). The funder had no role in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data; writing of the report; and the decision to submit the article for publication. 1

The authors performed this work with funding from the UrbaRiskLab (URL) project (https://urbarisklab.org/fr/ and the RESIIST project (ANR-18-CE39-0018, https://research gi.mines-albi.fr/display/resiist/RESIIST + Home (in French)) that is jointly funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) and the General Secretary of Defence and National Security (SGDSN). The authors acknowledge these organisations for their support that helped improve the paper 1

The authors thank all participants in the EPIC cohort for their invaluable contribution to the study. The authors also thank Bertrand Hémon (IARC) for his precious help with the EPIC database. We thank the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands, for their contribution to, and ongoing support of, the EPIC Study. We acknowledge the use of data and biological samples from the EPIC-Oxford cohort, PI Tim Key, from the EPIC-Utrecht cohort, PI Roel Vermeulen, and from the EPIC-Asturias cohort, PI Ramón Quirós. We thank CERCA Program/Generalitat de Catalunya for the institutional support to IDIBELL. RZ-R and we would like to thank the “Miguel Servet” program (CPII20/00009) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (Spain) and the European Social Fund (ESF). Disclaimer: Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. 1

The authors thank Bertrand H?mon for his valuable help with the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) database. This study was supported by the Institute of Health Carlos III, Spain (CP15/00100), and cofounded by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ?A way to build Europe.? The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); European Research Council (ERC-2009-AdG 232997); Health Research Fund (FIS): PI13/00061 to Granada; PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, AGAUR - Generalitat de Catalunya (exp. 2014 SGR 726), The Health Research Funds RD12/0036/0018, cofounded by European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) ?A way to build Europe (Spain)?; Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). We thank CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. R.Z.-R. was supported by the ?Miguel Servet? program (CP15/00100) from the Institute of Health Carlos III and European Social Fund (ESF). 1

The authors thank the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands, for their contribution and ongoing support to the EPIC study. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG‐SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Kræftens Bekæmpelse) (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe), German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS‐ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia, Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Barcelona) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society (Cancerfonden), Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet), County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC‐Oxford), Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford) (United Kingdom). Panagiota Pagoni is funded by Medical Research Council (grant reference MC_UU_00011/6). Infrastructure support for the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Imperial College London (UK) was provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, or the preparation, review and approval of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. 1

The authors thank the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands, for their contribution and ongoing support to the EPIC study. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Kr?ftens Bek?mpelse) (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid (Deutsche Krebshilfe), German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium f?r Bildung und Forschung, BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS-ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia, Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Barcelona) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society (Cancerfonden), Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsr?det), County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). Panagiota Pagoni is funded by Medical Research Council (grant reference MC_UU_00011/6). Infrastructure support for the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at Imperial College London (UK) was provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The funders had no role in the design and conduct of the study, the collection, analysis and interpretation of the data, or the preparation, review and approval of the manuscript, or in the decision to submit the manuscript for publication. 1

The authors would also like to thank Ingvild Essen for thorough field work, Heidi Marie Nordheim for biological sample management and the MoBa administrative unit (MoBa). The MoBa Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research . We are grateful to all the participating families in Norway who take part in this on-going cohort study. 1

The authors would like to thank all partners who co-funded with Cerema these research works: département du Loiret and département de Loir-et-Cher. The support provided by Institut Carnot Clim’adapt is also greatly acknowledged. 1

The authors would like to thank Mr Bertrand Hemon for his support in preparing the databases, Ms Audrey Gicquiau and Dr David Achaintre for the analyses of samples in several of the original studies, and all EPIC participants. The EPIC-Norfolk team thank all the participants who have been part of the project and the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. 1

The authors would like to thank the "Conseil Français de l'Energie", the French Ministry for the Environment (MEDAD - Program PDD "Paysage et Développement Durable"), the French Agency for the Environment and the Energy (ADEME) , the Region Ile-de-France and the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS - Programme Interdisciplinaire pour l'Energie) for their financial support of this research. 1

The authors would like to thank the EPIC study participants and staff for their valuable contribution to this research. The authors would also like to thank Mr Bertrand Hemon for his support in preparing the databases and Dr Joseph Rothwell for his support in creating the figures. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DGSANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM; France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF; Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF); ERC‐2009‐AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, Nordic Centre of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health (FIS; PI13/00061 to Granada; PI13/01162 to EPIC‐Murcia), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC‐Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC‐Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC‐Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford; United Kingdom). 1

The authors would like to thank the EPIC study participants and staff for their valuable contribution to this research. The authors would also like to thank Ms Beatrice Vozar, Mr Bertrand Hemon and Ms Carine Biessy for the analysis of plasma samples, and the preparation of the databases. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition PotsdamRehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro‐AIRC‐Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology—ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC‐Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC‐Oxford), MedicalResearch Council (1000143 to EPIC‐Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC‐Oxford). (United Kingdom), the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands. The EPIC‐Norfolk study (DOI 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1, MC‐PC_13048 and MC‐UU_12015/1). We are grateful to all the participants who have been part of the project and to the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research. The authors would like to acknowledge the use of data and samples from EPIC centres in Cambridge, France, Asturias, and Navarro. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the article. Our study was funded by a grant from the World Cancer Research Fund to Marc Gunter (Grant number: WCRF 2013/1002). 1

The authors would like to thank the EPIC study participants and staff for their valuable contribution to this research. The authors would also like to thank Ms Beatrice Vozar, Mr Bertrand Hemon and Ms Carine Biessy for the analysis of plasma samples, and the preparation of the databases. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition PotsdamRehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS)?Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology?ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), MedicalResearch Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford). (United Kingdom), the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands. The EPIC-Norfolk study (DOI 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1, MC-PC_13048 and MC-UU_12015/1). We are grateful to all the participants who have been part of the project and to the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research. The authors would like to acknowledge the use of data and samples from EPIC centres in Cambridge, France, Asturias, and Navarro. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the article. Our study was funded by a grant from the World Cancer Research Fund to Marc Gunter (Grant number: WCRF 2013/1002). 1

The authors would like to thank the Ligue Contre le Cancer (Nationale and Comités du Calvados, de l’Orne, de la Manche, du Maine et Loire et de Paris), the Mutualité Sociale Agricole (caisse centrale et caisses des Alpes du Nord, de l’Alsace, de Bourgogne, des Côtes Normandes, de Franche Comté, de Gironde, de Loire-Atlantique Vendée, de Midi Pyrénées Nord, de la Picardie), the Fondation de France (Mr Edouard Serres), the Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (within the call for projects 2005, 2006 and 2010 of the programme ’Environnement Santé Travail’ of ANSES, with funding from l’ONEMA in support of the Ecophyto 2018 plan), the Institut National du Cancer, the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (grant number ARC 02-010), the Institut National de Médecine Agricole, the Conseil Régional de Basse Normandie and the François Baclesse Comprehensive Cancer Centre, which funded this work. 1

The CACAO study was funded by the French National Agency for Continuing Medical Education (Agence nationale du Développement Professionnel Continu). 1

The CANTO cohort is supported by grants from Odyssea and Foundation Gustave Roussy. This work was also supported by the French Government under the Investment for the Future program managed by the National Research Agency (ANR), Grant No. ANR-10-COHO-0004 (CANTO). 1

The CANTO cohort (NCT01993498) was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Institutional Review Board of UNICANCER (UC-0140/1103). The CANTO cohort was supported by the Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR-10-COHO-0004). The study was approved by French regulatory authorities Afssaps under the reference: B111158-20 on 14 September 2011 and French ethics committee ID- RCB:2011- A01095- 36,11- 039 on 14 October 2011. 1

The COLIBAFI study was supported by grants from “Réseau de Recherche Clinique” (INSERM: RBM-03-58) and “Projet Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique” (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris: AOR 04 053). 1

The contribution of Karën Fort to this work was realized as part of the Quæro Programme32, funded by OSEO, French State agency for innovation. The original Phrase Detectives game was funded as part of the EPSRC AnaWiki project, EP/F00575X/1. 1

The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). 1

The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). 1

The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). 1

The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). 1

The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale and Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); ERC-2009-AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, Nordic Centre of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (no. 6236) and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK). R. Z.-R. is supported by the ‘Miguel Servet’ programme (CP15/00100) from the Institute of Health Carlos III and the European Social Fund (ESF). 1

The current project is funded with 60,000 euros grant from the PRPH 3 program by the French Development Agency and the French Hospital Federation (PRPH 3 file no 2147369). This grant is exclusively dedicated to the setting-up of the platform and the training sessions. 2

The current study has received partial support from the French government, specifically through the UCAJEDI Investments in the Future project, overseen by the National Research Agency (ANR), under the reference number ANR-15-IDEX-01. 1

The design of the study, the collection, analysis, and interpretation of the data and also the writing manuscript was funded by a grant from Nantes University Hospital “AOI 2015 - RC15_0419” obtained in 2015. The software of the EKITE cohort and the statistics were supported by a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR-16-LCV1–0003-01) to implement the Plug-Stat®. 1

The E3N study is financially supported by the FrenchLeague Against Cancer, the Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, theInstitut Gustave Roussy, the Institut National de la Santé et de la RechercheMédicale. The present project also received grant from the Oncostarter Programof the Cancéropôle Lyon Auvergne Rhône-Alpes and the French Environment andEnergy Management Agency. A.D. is supported by a doctoral fellowshipfrom the laboratory Santé, Individu, Société’, Ecole Doctorale InterdisciplinaireSciences-Santé, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1. 1

The E3N study is supporting financially by the French League against Cancer, the European Community, the 3M Company, the Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, and the French Drugs Regulatory Agency (Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé ). 1

The EPIC study is funded by a number of grants; however, no funding source had any role in the preparation of this article. The EPIC study was funded by the Europe against Cancer program of the European Commission (SANCO), Italian Association for Research on Cancer, and Italian National Research Council. In addition, the authors thank the following for their financial support: the Environmental Cancer Risk, Nutrition, and Individual Susceptibility Network of Excellence, operating within the European Union Sixth Framework Program, Priority 5: Food Quality and Safety (FOOD‐CT‐2005‐513943); European Community Fifth Framework Program (grant QLK4CT199900927); ISCIII, Red de Centros RCESP (C03/09); Deutsche Krebshilfe; Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum; German Federal Ministry of Education and Research; Danish Cancer Society; Health Research Fund of the Spanish Ministry of Health; Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia, and Navarra; Cancer Research UK; Medical Research Council, UK; Stroke Association, UK; British Heart Foundation; Department of Health, UK; Food Standards Agency, UK; Wellcome Trust, UK; Greek Ministry of Health; Greek Ministry of Education; Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Italian National Research Council; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare, and Sports; Netherlands Cancer Registry; LK Research Funds; Dutch Prevention Funds, Zorg Onderzoek Nederland; World Cancer Research Fund; Statistics Netherlands; Swedish Cancer; Swedish Scientific Council; Regional Government of Skåne and Västerbotten, Sweden; Norwegian Cancer Society; Research Council of Norway; French League against Cancer; INSERM; Mutuelle Generale l'Education National; and IGR. The EPIC‐Norfolk study (DOI 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1 and MC‐UU_12015/1) and Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136). 1

The EPIMOMS study was funded with support from the National Research Agency (ANR) and the Ile de France Regional Health Agency (ARS). HM received a training grant from the Aquitaine Regional Health Agency. The funders had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1

The first part of this study and the 8-year evaluation were funded by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (Programme hospitalier de recherche clinique 2004 and 2012, AOM04084 ) and sponsored by AP–HP (Département de la recherche clinique et du développement) . The second part of this study (4-year outcome) was funded by a grant from the Institut de recherche en santé publique (IRESP) . 1

The first part of this study and the 8-year evaluation were funded by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (Programme hospitalier de recherche clinique 2004 and 2012, AOM04084) and sponsored by AP?HP (D?partement de la recherche clinique et du d?veloppement). The second part of this study (4-year outcome) was funded by a grant from the Institut de recherche en sant? publique (IRESP). 1

The French COVID cohort is funding by the REACTing (REsearch & ACtion emergING infectious diseases) consortium and by a grant of the French Ministry of Health (PHRC n°20-0424). Work in OS lab is funded by Institut Pasteur, Urgence COVID-19 Fundraising Campaign of Institut Pasteur, Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM), ANRS, the Vaccine Research Institute (ANR-10-LABX-77), Labex IBEID (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID), ANR/FRM Flash Covid PROTEO-SARS-CoV-2 and IDISCOVR. Outside the submitted work, JSH is supported by AP-HP, INSERM, the French National Research Agency (NADHeart ANR-17-CE17-0015-02, PACIFIC ANR-18-CE14-0032-01, CORRECT_LMNA ANR-19-CE17-0013-02), the ERA-Net-CVD (ANR-16-ECVD-0011-03, Clarify project), Fédération Française de Cardiologie, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, and by a grant from the Leducq Foundation (18CVD05), and is coordinating a French PIA Project (2018-PSPC-07, PACIFIC-preserved, BPIFrance) and a University Research Federation against heart failure (FHU2019, PREVENT_Heart Failure). 1

The French Institute for Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety (IRSN) and the Nuclear Energy Divisionof the French Sustainable Energies and Atomic Energy Commission (CEA/DEN) are kindly thankedfor financial supports. The research reported in this paper has been supported in part by the SEISMParis Saclay Research Institute. 1

The grant from Société Nationale Française de Gastro-Entérologie (« Fonds d’Aide à la Recherche et à l’Evaluation en Hépato-gastroentérologie », FARE SNFGE 2013–2014) allows to perform multiplex analysis and genotyping of patients. This publication has been logistically supported by the French National Research Agency under the program “Investissements d’avenir” Grant Agreement LabEx MAbImprove: ANR-10-LABX-53. AG is supported by a postdoctoral fellowship from Fondation de France. 1

The Hokkaido-Sapporo Study is supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health , Labour and Welfare ( JPMH14427175 , JPMH19189425 , JPMH17932352 ); the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science ; the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology ( JP16H02645 , JP19H01071 , JP18H03035 , JP15H04780 , JP19K10576 , JP19K10636 , JP18K10042 , JP18K10022 , JP19K22730 , JP19K20457 ); and an Environment Research and Technology Development fund ( JPMEERF20145054 , JPMEERF20175053 , JPMEERF20205002 ); AMED ( JPMH19188595 , JPMH18950314 ); and Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications ( JPMI10001 ). 1

The IMACORS study was funded by the Groupement de Coopération SanitaireGrand-Est, the Regional Council of Burgundy, a French National Research Agency grant under theprogram “Investissementsd’Avenir” (ANR-11-LABX-0021), and a grant from Brahms France SAS. 1

The infrastructure for the IRIS Consortium is funded by a Wellcome Trust Investigator Award to ABB (grant number 206394/Z/17/Z). The IRIS databases are part of PubMLST, which is funded by a Wellcome Trust Biomedical Resource Grant awarded to MJCM, ABB, and KAJ (grant number 218205/Z/19/Z). The high-performance computing requirements of the data analyses were supported by the Wellcome Trust Core Award (grant number 203141/Z/16/Z) and the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. This work was also partially supported by research funding from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (grant PID2020-119298RB-I00 to JY); research grants from Pfizer (grant 69765907) to Seoul National University Hospital, and from the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency (grant 2018F240600) to Seoul National University College of Medicine; research funding from the Torsten Söderberg Foundation, Stockholm County Council, and the Swedish Research Council to the Karolinska Institutet, Sweden; research funding from the German Federal Ministry of Health and the Robert Koch Institute (grant 1369-237) to the National Reference Centre for Meningococci and Haemophilus influenzae; research funding from the Robert Koch Institute, Pfizer, and Merck, to the German National Reference Centre for Streptococci; and research funding from the Greek National Public Health Organization (EODY) to the Greek National Meningitis Reference laboratory. 1

The initial data collection for the initiation of the cohort study was funded by the Département de laRecherche Clinique et du Développement, AP-HP (Paris, No. PHRC 2003; AOM 03018). In depthanalyses and manuscript preparation were funded thanks to a co-funding by the French Ministry ofHealth’s general direction of health and direction of research, studies, assessment and statistics, bythe national fund for health insurance of salaried workers, the national fund for health insurance ofindependent workers, by the national fund for solidarity and autonomy and by the national institute forprevention and education for health, in the call for research projects launched by the IReSP in 2011,and by two grant(s) awarded to Hugo Câmara-Costa: one grant from the French Speaking Society ofResearch in Children with Disabilities (SFERHE, www.sferhe.org) and one joint grant from theFrench Traumatic Brain Injury Society (France Traumatisme Crânien - FTC) and the French SpeakingSociety of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SOFMER, www.sofmer.com). 1

The initial data collection for the initiation of the cohort study was funded by the Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement, AP–HP (Paris, No. PHRC 2003; AOM 03018). The 7-year follow-up study was co-funded by the French Ministry of Health general direction of health and direction of research, studies, assessment and statistics, by the national fund for health insurance of salaried workers, the national fund for health insurance of independent workers, by the national fund for solidarity and autonomy and by the national institute for prevention and education for health, in the call for research projects launched by the IReSP in 2011. In-depth analyses and manuscript preparation were also funded by two grants awarded to Hugo Câmara-Costa: one grant from the French Speaking Society of Research in Children with Disabilities (SFERHE, www.sferhe.org) and one joint grant from the French Traumatic Brain Injury Society (France Traumatisme Crânien - FTC) and the French Speaking Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SOFMER, www.sofmer.com). 1

The initial data collection for the initiation of the cohort study was funded by the Departement de la Recherche Clinique et du Developpement, AP-HP (Paris, No. PHRC 2003; AOM 03018).The 7-year follow-up study was funded by a co-funding by the French Ministry of Health’sgeneral direction of health and direction of research, studies, assessment and statistics, by thenational fund for health insurance of salaried workers, the national fund for health insurance of independent workers, by the national fund for solidarity and autonomy and by the national institute for prevention and education for health, in the call for research projects launched by the IReSPin 2011.Indepth analyses and manuscript preparation were also funded by two grant(s) awarded to Hugo Camara-Costa: one grant from the French Speaking Society of Research in Children with Disabilities (SFERHE, www.sferhe.org) and one joint grant from the French Traumatic Brain Injury Society (France Traumatisme Cr^anien–FTC) and the French Speaking Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SOFMER, www.sofmer.com) 1

The initial data collection for the initiation of the cohort study was funded by the Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement, AP-HP (Paris, No. PHRC 2003; AOM 03018). The 7-year follow-up study was funded by a co-funding by the French Ministry of Health's general direction of health and direction of research, studies, assessment and statistics, the national fund for health insurance of salaried workers, the national fund for health insurance of independent workers, the national fund for solidarity and autonomy andthe national institute for prevention and education for health, in the call for research projects launched by the IReSP in 2011. In-depth analyses and manuscript preparation were also funded by a postdoctoral fellowship from the Bettencourt Schueller Foundation (www.fondationbs.org) awarded to Sara Neumane and 2 grants awarded to Hugo Câmara-Costa: one from the French Speaking Society of Research in Children with Disabilities (SFERHE, www.sferhe.org) and one joint grant from the French Traumatic Brain Injury Society (France Traumatisme Crânien [FTC]) and the French Speaking Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SOFMER, www.sofmer.com). 1

The initial data collection for the initiation of the cohort study was funded by the D?partement de la Recherche Clinique et du Developpement, AP-HP (Paris, No. PHRC 2003; AOM 03018). In depth analyses and manuscript preparation were funded thanks to a co-funding by the French Ministry of Health?s general direction of health and direction of research, studies, assessment and statistics, by the national fund for health insurance of salaried workers, the national fund for health insurance of independent workers, by the national fund for solidarity and autonomy and by the national institute for prevention and education for health, in the call for research projects launched by the IReSP in 2011, and by two grants awarded to Hugo C?mara-Costa: one grant from the French Speaking Society of Research in Children with Disabilities (SFERHE, www.sferhe.org) and one joint grant from the French Traumatic Brain Injury Society (France Traumatisme Cr?nien?FTC) and the French Speaking Society of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (SOFMER, www.sofmer.com). The authors wish to thank Doctor Fr?d?ric Courage for his valuable help in the recruitment of the control participants. 1

The investigators thank the members of the QUALI-PALLI Group: Anne Abel, Laure Copel, Louise Geoffroy, Laurence Gineston, H?l?ne Godard, Xavier Grenet, Karima Nfissi, Jean-Fran?ois Richard, Sylvie Rostaing, Yael Tibi-L?vy, Isabelle Vedel, Kate Vincent, and the Clinical Research Unit team that worked on QUALI-PALLI (Layde Meaude, Sylvie Laot-Cabon, Sarah Gaston-Dreyfus, Audrey Angelard, Yasmine Saidji, Karima Mesbahi, and Wen Teng). Funding: This study was supported by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (PreQHos 2009-04) and sponsored by the Assistance Publique-H?pitaux de Paris (NI10052). Ethical approval: This study was approved by a regional ethics committee (#12059, Comit? de Protection des Personnes CPP ?le de France XI, Saint Germain-en-Laye, France) and was registered on clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02814682). All participants were duly informed, and oral consent was obtained before the research. According to French health regulations, no written informed consent was required, as this was an observational study using registered data. Data sharing: The data sets generated and/or analyzed during the present study are not publicly available to protect confidentiality, but aggregated data are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. The authors declare no conflicts of interest. 1

The metabolomics infrastructure in the Division of Cancer, Imperial College London is supported by the Imperial College Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre , the Imperial College Cancer Research UK Centre and the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (APS & HK). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , School of Public Health , Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) . The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark) ; Ligue Contre le Cancer , Institut Gustave Roussy , Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale , Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition PotsdamRehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany) ; Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy) ; Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds , Dutch Prevention Funds , Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) , Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII) , Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias , Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra , and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain) ; Swedish Cancer Society , Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden) ; Cancer Research UK ( 14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/ A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council ( 1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford). (United Kingdom). 1

The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); and Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk (DOI 10.22025/2019.10.105.00004); C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143, MR/N003284/1, MC-UU_12015/1 and MC_UU_00006/1 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK). The funders were not involved in designing the study; collecting, analyzing, or interpreting the data; or writing or submitting the manuscript for publication. 1

The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK). IDIBELL acknowledges support from the Generalitat de Catalunya through the CERCA Program. The breast cancer study was funded by the French National Cancer Institute (grant number 2015-166). The colorectal cancer studies were funded by World Cancer Research Fund (reference: 2013/1002; www.wcrf.org/ ) and the European Commission (FP7: BBMRI-LPC; reference: 313010; https://ec.europa.eu/ ). The endometrial cancer study was funded by Cancer Research UK (grant number C19335/A21351). The kidney study was funded by the World Cancer Research Fund (MJ; reference: 2014/1193; www.wcrf.org/ ) and the European Commission (FP7: BBMRI-LPC; reference: 313010; https://ec.europa.eu/ ). The liver cancer study was supported in part by the French National Cancer Institute (L’Institut National du Cancer; INCa; grant numbers 2009-139 and 2014-1-RT-02-CIRC-1) and by internal funds of the IARC. For the participants in the prostate cancer study, sample retrieval and preparation, and assays of metabolites were supported by Cancer Research UK (C8221/A19170), and funding for grant 2014/1183 was obtained from the World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF UK), as part of the World Cancer Research Fund International grant programme. Mathilde His’ work reported here was undertaken during the tenure of a postdoctoral fellowship awarded by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, financed by the Fondation ARC. The funders were not involved in designing the study; collecting, analysing, and interpreting results; or writing and submitting the manuscript for publication. 1

The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). The EPIC-Norfolk study (DOI https://doi.org/10.22025/2019.10.105.00004 ) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1 and MC-UU_12015/1) and Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136). We are grateful to all the participants who have been part of the project and to the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research. 1

The NephroTest CKD cohort study is supported by the following grants: INSERM GIS-IReSP AO 8113LS TGIR, French Ministry of Health AOM 09114, INSERM AO 8022LS, Agence de la Biom?decine R0 8156LL, AURA and Roche 2009-152-447G. 1

The Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study is supported by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Care Services and the Ministry of Education and Research , NIH/NIEHS (contract no N01-ES-75558 ), NIH/NINDS (grant no. 1 UO1 NS 047537–01 and grant no.2 UO1 NS 047537–06A1 ). MoBa1 and MoBa 2 are supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIH , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences ( Z01-ES-49019 ) and Norwegian Research Council /BIOBANK (grant no 221097 ). The work in MoBa3 was supported in part by a Postdoctoral Fellowship grant from the Ulleval Hospitals Research Council (now under Oslo University Hospital) and travel grants from the Unger-Vetlesens foundation and the Norwegian American Womens Club , all to M.C.M.K. MoBa3 epigenomics data analyses were funded by INCA/Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM, France, and the International Childhood Cancer Cohort Consortium (I4C), and performed by the Epigenetics Group at the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC, Lyon, France), A.G. was supported by the grant from INCA /Plan Cancer-EVA-INSERM (France, 2015) to Z.H. and also by the IARC Postdoctoral Fellowship, partially supported by the EC FP7 Marie Curie Actions-People-Co-funding of regional, national and international programmes (COFUND). 1

The Nurses’ Health Study II is coordinated at the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. We would like to thank the participants and staff of the Nurses’ Health Study II for their valuable contributions. Support for this study was provided by grants R01 OH‐010359 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), UM1 CA‐176726 (National Institutes of Health) and funding from the People Program (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007‐2013) under REA grant agreement no. PCOFUND‐GA‐2013‐609102, through the PRESTIGE program coordinated by Campus France. 1

The Nurses? Health Study II is coordinated at the Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA. We would like to thank the participants and staff of the Nurses? Health Study II for their valuable contributions. Support for this study was provided by grants R01 OH-010359 (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), UM1 CA-176726 (National Institutes of Health) and funding from the People Program (Marie Curie Actions) of the European Union's Seventh Framework Program (FP7/2007-2013) under REA grant agreement no. PCOFUND-GA-2013-609102, through the PRESTIGE program coordinated by Campus France. John Meyer declares that he has no conflict of interest in the review and publication decision regarding this article. 1

The Pediatric Dengue Vaccine Initiative (PDVI) received funds from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (grant number 23197). The Kamphaeng Phet study was supported by funds from the National Institutes of Health (grant number P01-AI034533) and the Military Infectious Diseases Research Program (MIDRP) (grant number S0016_04_AF), the Ratchaburi study was supported by funds from PDVI and the Thai Ministry of Public Health, and the Kampong Cham study received funds from PDVI and KOICA (Korea International Cooperation Agency). Except PDVI, the funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1

The presented work is funded by the Medical Research Council NewInvestigator Award (G0501184). The Whitehall II study is supportedby the following bodies in the UK: Medical Research Council; Economicand Social Research Council; British Heart Foundation; Health andSafety Executive; Department of Health; and in the US: National HeartLung and Blood Institute (HL36310), NIH; National Institute on Aging (AG13196), NIH; Agency for Health Care Policy Research(HS06516); the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation. MKivimäki is supported by the Academy of Finland and the BUPAFoundation Specialist Research Grant. 1

The Project Viva cohort is funded by NIH grants R01HL111108 , R01NR013945 , and R37 HD034568 . 1

The research leading to these results has received funding fromInstituto de Salud Carlos III and European Union’s FEDER funds (CP16/00128 – the ENDOLUNG project, and PI17/01194 – the INMA-Ado-Respi Project), the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme(FP7/2007–206) under grant agreement no 308,333 - theHELIX project –, and from the EC’s Horizon 2020 research and innovationprogramme under grant agreement No 874,583 – the ATHLETEproject. 1

The research leading to these results received funding from the Investissements davenir ANR-11-INBS-0011. This work was funded by the Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (PHRC) FTLD-exome (to ILB, promotion by Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris), PHRC Predict-PGRN (to ILB, promotion by Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris). 1

The research presented in this paper was supported in part by The Seine-Normandy Water Agency which funds the research program called “Reconfiguration of collectives and territorial project” (convention 1085126-1) coordinated by M.A. Germaine (http://selune.hypotheses.org/). This is one of the topics of the scientific monitoring of the Sélune dams removal coordinated by the INRAE Rennes (https://programme-selune.com/en/). 1

The research was carried out using data from the Inserm (French National Institute for Health and Medical Research) E3N cohort, which was established and maintained with the support of the Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale (MGEN), Gustave Roussy, and the French League against Cancer (LNCC). E3N-E4N is also supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the Investment for the future Program (PIA; ANR-10-COHO-0006) and by the French Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation (subsidy for public service charges No. 2102 918823). This study is listed at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03285230. We are grateful to the study participants for their continued participation and to medical practitioners for providing pathology reports. We also thank all members of 1

The research was carried out using data from the Inserm (French NationalInstitutes for Health and Medical Research) E3N cohort, which wasestablished and maintained with the support of the Mutuelle Générale del’Education Nationale (MGEN), Gustave Roussy and the French Leagueagainst Cancer (LNCC). E3N-E4N is also supported by the French National Re-search Agency (ANR) under the Investment for the future Program (PIA)(ANR-10-COHO-0006) and by the French Ministry of Higher Education, Re-search and Innovation (subsidy for public service charges #2102 918823). 1

The research was carried out using data from the Inserm (French National Institutes for Health and Medical Research) E3N cohort, which was established and maintained with the support of the Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale (MGEN), Gustave Roussy, and the French League against Cancer (LNCC). We are grateful to the study participants for their continued participation and to medical practitioners for providing pathology reports. We also thank all members of the E3N-EPIC study group, in particular Rafika Chaït, Ghizlane Esselma, Marie Fangon, Pascale Gerbouin-Rérolle, Lyan Hoang, Roselyn Gomes and the data management team, and Amandine Gelot for data management and/or technical assistance. The work reported in this paper was performed during Agnès Fournier’s term as a Visiting Scientist at the International Agency for Research on Cancer. 1

The Rhea project was financially supported by European projects , and the Greek Ministry of Health (Program of Prevention of Obesity and Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Preschool Children, in Heraklion district, Crete, Greece: 2011–2014; ‘Rhea Plus': Primary Prevention Program of Environmental Risk Factors for Reproductive Health, and Child Health: 2012–2015). The work was also supported by MICINN ( MTM2015-68140-R ), Centro Nacional de Genotipado - CEGEN-PRB2-ISCIII, the H2020 -EU.3.1.2. - Preventing Disease Programme (grant agreement no 874583 ) (ATHLETE project), and from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant Agreement number: 733206 ) (Early Life stressors and Lifecycle Health (LIFECYCLE)). 1

The RISC Study was supported by EU grant QLG1-CT-2001-01252 . Additional support was received from AstraZeneca (Sweden). The EGIR group activities were supported by an unrestricted research grant from Merck Serono, France . JJL was supported by grants from the University of Southern Denmark and Region of Southern Denmark , and MF was supported by a grant from the Novo Nordisk Foundation and The Steno Diabetes Centre Odense . 1

The STANISLAS study is sponsored by Nancy CHRU. This work is supported by the French Ministry of Health “Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique Inter regional 2013,” by the Contrat de Plan Etat-Lorraine and FEDER Lorraine, and a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the second “Investissements d’Avenir” program FIGHT-HF (reference: ANR-15-RHU-0004), and by the French PIA project “Lorraine Université d’Excellence,” reference ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE. It is also supported by the European Fibro-Targets Project (Grant agreement No. SP7#602904), European HOMAGE project (Grant agreement No. Heart “Omics” in Ageing, 7th Framework Program Grant # 305,507), the MEDIA project (Européen “Cooperation”—Theme “Health”/FP7-HEALTH-2010-single-stage (reference: 261409), FOCUS-MR (reference: ANR-15-CE14-0032-01), ERA-CVD EXPERT (reference: ANR-16-ECVD-0002-02), and the Fondation de Recherche en Hypertension Artérielle. 1

The study has received financial support from the National Research Agency (ANR) through the ANR-Flash call for COVID-19 (Grant ANR-20-COVI-0018) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation under Grant Agreement INV-017335. The French cohort was supported by the REACTing consortium and by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (Grant PHRC 20-0424). The funders had no role in the study design; in the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; in the writing of the report; and in the decision to submit the article for publication. 1

The study was founded by Reacting, the French Ministry of Health (PHRC-N COVID-19, project PHRC-20-0242) and the European Commission (RECoVer, grant agreement 101003589). Some authors received financial support of the national research agency (ANR) through the ANR-Flash calls for COVID-19 (TheraCoV ANR-20-COVI-0018) 1

The study was funded by a grant from Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique of the French Ministry of Health (PHRC 2014–0123), along with an unrestricted grant from Bayer HealthCare. MH is supported by the Investissement d'Avenir programme managed by the French National Research Agency (grant contract ANR-18-RHUS-0006 [DESTINATION 2024]). We thank Badria Sahraoui (Hôpital Bicêtre, AP-HP), the members of the Independent Data and Safety Monitoring Committee (Dominique Mottier [chair], Marion Delcroix, Jean-Luc Vachiéry, and Eric Vicaut), and all patients, investigators, and health-care professionals involved in the study. 1

The study was funded by a grant from Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique - PHRC 2020 (Ministère de la Santé) 1

The study was funded by grants from ANR (French Agency for Research, SEST call on Environmental and Occupational Health), ANSES (French Agency for Food, environmental and Occupational Health Safety, EST call on Environmental and Occupational Health), InVS (French Institute for Public Health Surveillance). The team of Environmental Epidemiology applied to Fecundity and Reproduction has been funded by an AVENIR grant from Inserm (2007). 1

The study was funded by grants from Geneva University Hospitals (Humanitarian Commission, CGR 75 388), Bordeaux University Hospital, and the Aquitaine Region. 1

The study was funded by the France Parkinson charity and French Ministry of Health (PHRC National 2012) and promoted by CHU Lille (coordinated by Pr Devos and Pr Corvol) with the support of the French network NS-PARK and supported by NS-PARK/F-CRIN and the Fédération de la Recherche Clinique du CHU de Lille. 1

The study was funded by the French League against Cancer, the European Community, the 3M Company, the Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, the Institut Gustave Roussy, the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, and the French Food Safety Agency. 1

The study was funded by the French National Research Agency Fighting Heart Failure (ANR-15-RHU-0004) and FEDER Lorraine, and all coauthors are supported by the French PIA project “Lorraine Université d’Excellence” GEENAGE (ANR-15-IDEX-04-LUE) programmes, and the Contrat de Plan Etat Région Lorraine and FEDER IT2MP 1

The study was supported by the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) and the Fonds Social Européen (FSE) 1

The study was supported by the following institutions: MILDT/INCa/Inserm (Grant 2006), Société de pneumologie de langue française (PhD fellowship 2007), Ligue nationale contre le cancer (Grant 2008) and the Conseil régional de Lorraine (PhD fellowship 2008 and 2009). 1

The study was supported by the ‘Institut National du Cancer’, ‘Santé Publique France’, ‘Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du travail’ (ANSES), ‘Agence Nationale de la Recherche, Investment for the future’ (ANR-10-COHO-0009 grant for HOPE-EPI). 1

The SYMBRION project is funded by the European Commission through the FET Proactive Initiative: PERVASIVE ADAPTATION, the grant agreement n° 216342. 1

The TEMPO cohort is supported by the French National Research Agency (ANR), the French Institute for Public Health Research-IReSP (TGIR Cohortes), the French Inter-departmental Mission for the Fight against Drugs and Drug Addiction (MILDeCA), the French Institute of Cancer (INCa) and the Pfizer Foundation. The TEMPO COVID-19 study is supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program RESPOND (The RESPOND project is funded under Horizon 2020 – the Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2014-2020). The content of this article reflects only the authors’ views and the European Community is not liable for any use that may be made of the information contained therein).+ 1

The Three-City Study is conducted under a partnership agreement between the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Victor Segalen –Bordeaux2 University and the Sanofi-Synthélabo company. The Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale funded the preparation and beginning of the study. The 3C-Study is also sponsored by the Caisse Nationale Maladie des Travailleurs Salariés, Direction Générale de la Santé, Conseils Régionaux of Aquitaine and Bourgogne, Fondation de France, Ministry of Research-INSERM Program Cohortes et collections de données biologiques, the Fondation Plan Alzheimer (FCS 2009-2012), and the Caisse Nationale pour la Solidarité et l’Autonomie (CNSA). Financial support for 3C-COGINUT project was provided by the French National Research Agency (ANR-06-PNRA-005). Vitamin D assessment was funded by Laboratoires Théa (Clermont-Ferrand, France). 1

The trial was sponsored and funded by The National Agency for Research on Aids and Viral Hepatitis. 1

The Whitehall II study has been supported by grants from the British Medical Research Council; British Economic and Social Research Council; British Heart Foundation; UK Health and Safety Executive; UK Department of Health; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (HL36310), US, National Institutes of Health: National Institute on Aging (AG13196), US, National Institutes of Health; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); and the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socio-economic Status and Health. 1

The Whitehall II study has been supportedby grants from the British Medical Research Council(MRC); the British Heart Foundation; the BritishHealth and Safety Executive; the British Departmentof Health; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Insti-tute (grant HL36310); the National Institute onAging (grant AG13196); the Agency for Health CarePolicy and Research (grant HS06516); and the JohnD. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation ResearchNetworks on Successful Midlife Development and So-cioeconomic Status and Health. Michael Marmot issupported by an MRC research professorship. 1

The Whitehall II study has been supported by grants from the British Medical Research Council (MRC); the British Heart Foundation; the British Health and Safety Executive; the British Department of Health; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (grant R01HL036310); the National Institute on Aging (R01AG013196; R01AG034454); the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (grant HS06516); and the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socioeconomic Status and Health. J.E.F. is supported by the National Institute on Aging and M.K and T.A by the Academy of Finland (project 124322), MK is also supported by the BUPA Foundation, AS-M is supported by a "EURYI‟ award from the European Science Foundation, MGM by an MRC Research Professorship and M.J.S. by a grant from the British Heart Foundation. 1

The Whitehall II study has been supported by grants from the Medical Research Council; British Heart Foundation; Health and Safety Executive; Department of Health; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (HL36310), US, NIH: National Institute on Aging (AG13196 and AG34454), US, NIH; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socio-economic Status and Health; and the BUPA Foundation, UK. MK and JV are supported by the Academy of Finland (Projects no. #124271, #124322, #129262 and #132944), MK is additionally supported by the BUPA Foundation Specialist research grant, AS-M is supported by a 'EURYI' award from the European Science Foundation, MJS is supported by the British Heart Foundation and MGM is supported by a MRC Research Professorship. 1

The Whitehall II study has been supported by grants from the Medical Research Council; British Heart Foundation; Health and Safety Executive; Department of Health; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (HL36310), US, NIH: National Institute on Aging (AG13196), US, NIH; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); and the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socio-economic Status and Health. MK and JV are supported by the Academy of Finland (Projects no. 124271, 124322 and 129264) and Finnish Work Environment Foundation; MK is also supported by the BUPA Foundation and the EU New OSH ERA research programme; AS-M is supported by a "EURYI‟ award from the European Science Foundation and MGM is supported by a MRC Research Professorship. J.E.F. is supported by the Medical Research Council (Grant number G8802774)and M.J.S. is supported by the British Heart Foundation. 1

The Whitehall II study has been supported by grants from the Medical Research Council;British Heart Foundation; Health and Safety Executive; Department of Health; National HeartLung and Blood Institute (HL36310), US, NIH: National Institute on Aging (AG13196), US,NIH; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); and the John D and Catherine TMacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development andSocioeconomic Status and Health. MM is supported by an MRC Research Professorship. 1

The Whitehall II study is supported by grants from the British Medical Research Council (MRC) G8802774; the British Heart Foundation; the 18 British Health and Safety Executive; the British Department of Health; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL036310); the National Institute on Aging, NIH (R01AG013196 and R01AG034454); and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (grant HS06516). MK is supported by an ESRC professorial fellowship. 1

The Whitehall II study is supported by grants from the British Medical Research Council (MRC) G8802774; the British Heart Foundation; the British Health and Safety Executive; the British Department of Health; the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01HL036310); the National Institute on Aging, NIH (R01AG013196 and R01AG034454); and the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (grant HS06516). David Batty is a Wellcome Trust inserm-00770870, version 1 - 7 Jan 2013 Author manuscript, published in "Am J Clin Nutr 2013;:epub ahead of print" DOI : 10.3945/ajcn.112.041582 2 Fellow. Martin Shipley is supported by the British Heart Foundation. Mika Kivimaki is supported by the US National Institutes of Health (R01HL36310 and R01AG034454), the UK Medical Research Council and an ESRC professorship. Tasnime Akbaraly was supported by the NIH National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (R01HL36310). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. 1

The Whitehall II study is supported by grants from the Medical Research Council; British Heart Foundation; Health and Safety Executive; Department of Health; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (R01HL036310), US, NIH: National Institute on Aging (R01AG013196 and R01AG034454), US, NIH; Agency for Health Care Policy Research (HS06516); and the John D and Catherine T MacArthur Foundation Research Networks on Successful Midlife Development and Socio-economic Status and Health. JV and MK are supported by the Academy of Finland (projects 124271, 124322, 129262 and 132944) and MK is additionally supported by the BUPA Foundation, UK, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and the National Institute on Aging, USA. MJS and AB are supported by a grant from the British Heart Foundation and MGM by a Medical Research Council research professorship. AS-M is supported by a "European Young Investigator Award" from the European Science Foundation. 1

The Whitehall II study is supported by grants from the Medical Research Council; British Heart Foundation; National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (R01HL036310), US, NIH and the National Institute on Aging (R01AG013196 and R01AG034454), US, NIH. MJS is supported by a grant from the British Heart Foundation and MGM is supported by an MRC research preofessorship. MK is supported by the BUPA Foundation, UK, the Academy of Finland (projects #124271, #124322, #129262 and #132944) and the EU New OSH ERA Research Programme. AS-M is supported by a "European Young Investigator Award" from the European Science Foundation and the National Institute on Aging, NIH (R01AG013196, R01AG034454). MM is the recipient of a Young Researcher Award from the French National Research Agency (ANR) 1

The work described in this article was carried out with financial support of the “Europe Against Cancer Program” of the European Commission (SANCO); the Danish Cancer Society; German Cancer Aid; Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, the 3M Company, INSERM; the German Cancer Research Center; the GermanFederal Ministry of Education and Research; the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports; the National Cancer Registry and the Regional Cancer Registries Amsterdam, East and Maastricht of The Netherlands; the Norwegian Cancer Society; the Norwegian Research Council; the Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health; the Greek Ministry of Health; the Greek Ministry of Education; the Italian Association for Research on Cancer; Spanish Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and ISCIII; Red de Centros RCESP, C03/09; the Swedish Cancer Society; the Swedish Scientific Council; the Regional Government of Skane, Sweden; Cancer Research UK; the Medical Research Council, U.K.; the Stroke Association, U.K.; the British Heart Foundation; the Department of Health, U.K.; the Food Standards Agency, U.K.; and the Wellcome Trust, U.K. 1

The work done at Institut Pasteur de la Guadeloupe was supported by a FEDER grant, financed by the European Union and Guadeloupe Region (Programme Opérationnel FEDER-Guadeloupe-Conseil Régional 2014-2020, Grant number 2015-FED-192). 1

The work of the Scientific Secretariat of the European Union Committee of Experts on Rare Diseases was financed by two consecutive Joint Actions between Member States from the European Commission's Executive Agency for Health and Consumers: the Scientific Secretariat of the European Union Committee of Rare Diseases Joint Action N° 2008 22 91 and European Union Committee of Rare Diseases Joint Action: Working for Rare Diseases N° 2011 22 01. 1

The work was further financially supported by the European Commission: Public Health and Consumer Protection Directorate 1993-2004; Research Directorate-General 2005-."; Ligue contre le Cancer, Societé 3M, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center, Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Health Research Fund (FIS) of the Spanish Ministry of Health, The participating regional governments and institutions (Spain); Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, the Wellcome Trust (United Kingdom); Greek Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity, Hellenic Health Foundation and Stavros Niarchos Foundation (Greece); Italian Association for Research on Cancer, National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports, Dutch Ministry of Health, Dutch Prevention Funds, LK Research Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF) (the Netherlands); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, Regional Government of Skane (Sweden); Norwegian Cancer Society (Norway). 1

This paper is dedicated to the memory our of colleague Dr. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. 1

This paper was prepared for the ASIA‐LINK human resource development project: Euro‐Philippines Network on Banking and Finance, Safety and Soundness of the Financial System (Asialink/ASIE/B7‐3010/2005/105‐139), coordinated by the University of Limoges (www.upd.edu.ph/~cba/asialink). ASIA‐LINK is a Programme of the European Commission that seeks to promote regional and multilateral networking among higher education institutions in Europe and developing economies in Asia. 1

This project has received funding from the ANSES programme under Agreement num. 2019/1/049 - Association entre exposition aux polluants dans l'eau de boisson et cancers du sein et du colon (CancerWatch). The CONSTANCES cohort study was supported and funded by the French national health insurance fund (“Caisse nationale de l'assurance maladie”, Cnam). CONSTANCES is a National infrastructure for biology and health (“Infrastructure nationale en biologie et santé”) and benefits from a grant from the French national agency for research (ANR-11-INBS-0002). CONSTANCES is also partly funded to a small extent by industrial companies, notably in the healthcare sector, within the framework of Public-Private Partnerships (PPP). None of these funding sources had any role in the design of the study, collection and analysis of data or decision to publish 1

This project has received fundings from the French Government as part of the “France 2030”investment plan operated by ADEME (French Agency for ecological transition). 1

This project has received fundings from the French Government as part of the “France 2030” investment plan operated by ADEME (French Agency for ecological transition). 1

This project was funded by the French agency: Agence nationale de la recherche (ANR – http://www.agencenationale-recherche.fr/Projet-ANR-15-CE22-0018). Part of the equipment was funded by iDEX Paris -Saclay, in the framework of the project ACE-ICSEN. Measurements from the SIRTA station were performed within the ACTRIS research infrastructure under the H2020 grant agreement 654109. Additional support from CEA and CNRS are acknowledged. Appendix A 1

This research has been supported by the Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé (Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique Interrégional grant API 27-16). 1

This research received 30.000 € funding from the Regional Health Agency (ARS) of Pays de la Loire. 1

This research was carried out during a project that received funding from the European Commission (Erasmus+, 2015-1-NL01-KA203-08836). 1

This research was funded by the french National Agency for Research (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) grant number ANR-16-CE22-0012. 1

This research was funded by The French National Research Agency, grant number SPIraL-19-CE35-0006-01 and The Consortium for the Research Higher Education and Innovation in New Caledonia, CRESICA, Grant, ASSURPLUHYT. 1

This research was funded by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the grant CP15/00100 (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund. ERDF, a way to build Europe). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di San Paolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology—ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford). (United Kingdom). We thank the CERCA Program / Generalitat de Catalunya for the institutional support to IDIBELL. RZ-R was supported by the “Miguel Servet” program (CPII20/00009) from the Institute of Health Carlos III (Co-funded by the European Social Fund (ESF)—ESF investing in your future). 1

This research was funded by the Northwestern University Havey Institute for Global Health, global health catalyst grant project #1022, which was acquired through collaboration by the authors of this manuscript. Christophe Chevillard was supported by the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM); the Aix-Marseille University (grant number: AMIDEX “Internation-al_2018” MITOMUTCHAGAS); the French Agency for Research (Agence Nationale de la Recherche—ANR (grant numbers: “Br-Fr-Chagas” and “landscardio”); and the Inserm Cross-Cutting Project GOLD. This project has received funding from the Excellence Initiative of Aix-Marseille University—A*Midex, a French “Investissements d’Avenir programme”—Institute MarMaRa AMX-19-IET-007. This work was supported by the CAPES-COFECUB program (Me987/23). This work was funded by an NIH grant #1U01AI168383. 1

This research was funded by the Stand Up to Cancer campaign for Cancer Research UK. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM, France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Bilthoven, The Netherlands) for their contribution to data collection; Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia, Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (no. 6236) and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to KTK, NJW; C570/A16491 to RCT and C8221/A19170 to TK [EPIC-Oxford]), Medical Research Council (1000143 to KTK, NJW, MR/M012190/1 to TK [EPIC-Oxford, United Kingdom]). 1

This research was funded by the Women?s Health Dexeus Foundation (R.Z.-R.). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). 1

This research was partially supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics. The work performed by the Epigenomics and Mechanisms Branch at IARC was supported by grants from the Institut National du Cancer (INCa, France), the European Commission (EC) Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) Translational Cancer Research (TRANSCAN) Framework, the Fondation ARC pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (France), and la Ligue Nationale (Française) Contre le Cancer to ZH. The MCCS methylation work was supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council (grant numbers 1011618 and 1164455) and the Victorian Breast Cancer Research Consortium. The work performed at Imperial College London was funded by Breast Cancer Now and supported by the Cancer Research UK Imperial Centre, the National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre and the Ovarian Cancer Action Research Centre. MCS is a National Health and Medical Research Council Senior Research Fellow (GNT1155163). 1

This research was supported by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention R01 OH-10359; National Institutes of Health UM1 CA-186107, U01 CA-176726, U01 HL-145386, U01 CA-167552. The design, conduct, and reporting were entirely the responsibility of the authors, independent from funders. 1

This research was supported by la Fondation MAIF (https://www.fondation-maif.fr/) and la Région SUD Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur (Grant numbers: 2018_08943;2018_08949) (https://www.maregionsud.fr/). This study was also supported by the French government, managed by the National Agency of Research as part of the UCAJEDI Future Investments project, reference number ANR-15-IDEX-01 1

This research was supported by the Chair Modeling for sustainable development, driven by MINES ParisTech, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, and AgroParisTech, supported by ADEME, EDF, GRTgaz, SCHNEIDER ELECTRIC and the French Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy. 1

This research was supported by the Foundation FondaMental, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), and by the Investissements d'Avenir program managed by the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) under reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 and ANR-10-COHO-10-01. The funding sources had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, preparation of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. 1

This research was supported by the French Government under the “Investment for the Future” program managed by the National Research Agency (ANR), grant n˚ ANR-10-COHO-0004 (FA) and by a Clinical Research Fellowship from the French government (EGK). 1

This research was supported by the Institut National du Cancer (INCa) and the Institut pour la Recherche en Santé Publique (IRESP) (INCA_16041, INCa/IReSP_16611). The sponsor was Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation). INCa and IRESP play no role in the design of the study, the collection, analysis or interpretation of the data, the drafting of the manuscript or the decision to submit the article for publication. 1

This research work is funded by the European Commission's H2020-Innovative training network (ITN) under the project ECODRIVE (Grant Nr. 858018) and we gratefully acknowledge the support of OpenLab Vibro-Acoustic-Tribology at Lyon, Laboratoire Vibrations Acoustique (LVA), INSA Lyon, the NVH department of Stellantis N.V., and EOMYS Engineering for their contribution towards open science through Pyleecan. 1

This research work was supported by R´egion Aquitaine and by the European Space Agency (ESA) in the framework of ESA’s program NPI n. 4000109882/13/NL/GLC/al 1

This study could have been done through a grant of the Foch Foundation, a non-profit institution, and a grant of the French Ministry of Health/DGOS/CRC3F. 1

This study is supported by a grant from the French Ministry of Health and the French National Cancer Institute (PHRC-K 2019 Inca-DGOS_14333 and PRT-K 2020–15324). It is also carried out with the support of MSD France. The opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of MSD France. 1

This study is supported by the "Département de la recherche Clinique et du développement AP-HP", Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Unité de Recherche Clinique (URC), Boulogne Billancourt, France promotor code: AOM11223, P110136, budget: 18 000 euros.Funding was received from Allergan® for the translation of this article. In addition, Allergan® will provide the medical supplies. 1

This study received a grant from French ministry of health (Ministère des Solidarités et de la Santé, DGOS, Grant No: DGOS_2574). The funder had no role in the study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. 1

This study was conducted within the Rhône Sediment Observatory (OSR), a multi-partner research programme funded through the Plan Rhône by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Agence de l’eau RMC, CNR, EDF, and three regional councils (Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, PACA, and Occitanie). This work was cofounded by the Labex DRIIHM French programme ‘Investissements d’Avenir’ (ANR-11-LABX-0010), which is managed by the ANR. This work was performed within the framework of the EUR H2O’Lyon (ANR-17-EURE-0018) of Université de Lyon, within the programme ‘Investissements d’Avenir’ operated by the French National Research Agency (ANR). 1

This study was done in the context of the Lung Cancer Cohort Consortium (LC3) project which was approved by the Ethics Committee of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (approval number: 11-13 and 22-31). All cohort participants provided informed consent at enrolment. This study was supported by the US National Cancer Institute (R03CA245979 and U19CA203654), l’Institut National du Cancer (French National Cancer Institute, DEPREV 2020-126), Cancer Research UK (C18281/A19169), and the North West Lung Centre Charity (PhD studentship for PG). 1

This study was financially supported by Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement), by INSERM (grant RCT 2010) and by Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (FRM, grant number DMP20101120408). 1

This study was funded by a grant from Programme de Recherche sur la Performance du Système de Soins - PREPS 2016 (Ministère de la Santé). 1

This study was funded by a grant from the Assistance Publique - Hôpitauxde Paris (AP-HP : Direction de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement).The Unité de Recherche Clinique was responsible for independent datamonitoring and analysis (Aurore Caumont-Prim) under the supervision of oursponsor (Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris; project code: P101102,SAINVAPU study). The sponsor had no role in study design, in the collection,analysis and interpretation of data, in the writing of the report and in thedecision to submit the article for publication. 1

This study was funded by a grant from the Research & Development Office, a directorate of the Northern Ireland Health and Social Services Central Services Agency (RRG project 9.8). The PRIME study was funded by Merck Sharpe & Dohme / Chibret (France). 1

This study was funded by a National Health Ministry (Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique) and the 6th framework program of the European Commission (Ingenious HyperCare Network of Excellence; contract number LSHM-CT-2006-037093). 1

This study was funded by an unrestricted grant from the French National Research Agency (ANR-12-TECS-0010) in the framework of the “Investissements d’avenir” program (ANR-15-IDEX-02), the “e-health and integrated care” Chair of excellence of the University Grenoble Alpes Foundation and the endowment fund “Agir pour les maladies chroniques”. This study was funded in part by ORKYN Society and Périmètre Association. 1

This study was funded by grants from the Ligue Nationale contrele cancer (Bretagne, Pays de Loire, Centre, Poitou/Charenteregional committees) and INNATE PHARMA. The present studywas sponsored by CHU de Nantes (EudraCT no.: 2008-004677-18; BRD 07/11-U) after obtaining a positive opinion from theComité de Protection des Personnes (IEC/IRB) in September 2008and the Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé(French Health Products Safety Agency) in October 2008. 1

This study was funded by Médecins Sans Frontières and the European Commission 1

This study was funded by the Centre National d’Études Spatiales (CNES, https://cnes.fr/fr), Département des Sciences de la Vie et de Médecine Spatiale (grant agreement no: DAR 4800001107). 1

This study was funded by the Contrat d'Initiation à la Recherche Clinique 2006 (Assistance Publique- Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement, CRC 06049) 1

This study was funded by the Contrat d’Initiation à la Recherche Clinique 2006 (Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement, CRC 06049) 1

This study was funded by the Foundation AP-HP and the Direction de la Recherche Clinique et du Development and the French Ministry of Health. The REVA network received a 75,000 € research grant form Air Liquide Healthcare. The funder had no role in the design and conduct of the study, collection, management, analysis, and interpretation of the data; preparation, review, or approval of the manuscript; and decision to submit the manuscript for publication. 1

This study was funded by the French Ministry in Charge of Ecology and Sustainable Development within the frameworks of the Programme 190 and by the project "DOREMIPHARM" supported by the French National Agency for Medicines and Health Products Safety. 1

This study was funded by the nonprofit public organization Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris. 1

This study was funded by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) award number P01 AI098670 (TWS). ACM is supported by award U01AI151814 from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health. Further support was provided by Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) to the University of Notre Dame (Grant# OPP1081737) (NA), the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA) (RDH), Military Infectious Disease Research Program (MIDRP, S0520_15_LI and S0572_17_LI), and the Armed Forces Health Surveillance Branch Global Emerging Infections Systems research program (GEIS) ProMIS ID: 20160390169, P0090_17_N6_1.1.1, P0106_18_N6_01.01, and P0143_19_N6. 1

This study was part of the Surveillance and Investigation of epidemic situations in South-East Asia (SISEA) project, which was funded by the French Agency for Development and the US Department of Human and Health Services. Malin Inghammar received grants from the Swedish Society of Medicine and Swedish governmental funds. 1

This study was sponsored and funded by the French National Agency for Research on Aids and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS), with the participation of Abbott France, Glaxo-Smith-Kline, Roche, Schering-Plough and INSERM's 'Programme Cohortes TGIR'. 1

This study was supported by a Biomedicine Agency Research Grant and by a Rhône-Alpes Council Grant awarded to Nikos Kalampalikis 1

This study was supported by a grant from the Direction de la RechercheClinique of CHU of Dijon and the Conseil Régional de Bourgogne and fromASGOD (Association des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens de Dijon). 1

This study was supported by doctoral grants from the “College National des Gynécologues et Obstétriciens Français” (CNGOF) and the Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). 1

This study was supported by EU 7th Framework Program EC-GA No. 305404 BESTCILIA and COST action BEAT-PCD (BM1407). The primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) research at the Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM) in Bern is supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF 320030_173044). This work was supported by Ministry of Science Republic of Serbia, grant No III 41004. In France, this work was supported by the Institut National de la Sante et de la Racherche Medicale (INSERM), the RaDiCO funded by the French National Research Agency under the specific program "Investments for the future" (Cohort grant agreement ANR-10-COHO-0003). The sponsors had no role in the design of the study, the collection and analysis of the data, or the preparation of the manuscript. 1

This study was supported by funding from the Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, the French Society of Infectious Diseases, Pfizer and Sanofi. The rapid service and open access fees were funded by Sanofi. 1

This study was supported by the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (Clinical Research and Development Department) grant ANR/DGOS PRTS 2015 -2019 PrevDemAls (to I.L.B.), the “Investissements d’avenir” ANR-10-IAIHU-06 (Agence Nationale de la Recherche-10-Investissements-Avenir Institut-Hospitalo-Universitaire-06), the Centre d’Investigation Clinique (CIC 1422), and the Centre pour l’Acquisition et le Traitement des Images (CATI) platform, at IHU-A-ICM, Paris, France. Peter Bede is supported by the Health Research Board (HRB EIA-2017-019), the Andrew Lydon scholarship, the Irish Institute of Clinical Neuroscience IICN − Novartis Ireland Research Grant, and the Iris O'Brien Foundation. 1

This study was supported by the Conseil Régional de la Guyane (agreement no. 60/2007/CR). The laboratory of virology, as National Reference Center, receives financial support from Institut Pasteur and Institut de Veille Sanitaire. 1

This study was supported by the Korean Environment Industry & Technology Institute ( KEITI ) through “the Environmental Health Action Program”, funded by Korea Ministry of Environment ( 2017001360005 ). 1

This work benefitted from financial support from the DIM R2DS Ile-de-France under Grant n°2010-13 and from the French National Research Agency (ANR) under Grant n°2011-SOIN-003-01 (COLLENER Project). 1

This work has been funded by the AIby4 project (Centrale Nantes-Project ANR-20-THIA-0011), INCa-DGOS-INSERM-ITMO Cancer 18011 (SIRIC ILIAD) with the support from the Pays de la Loire region (GCS IRECAN 220729), the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), the Pays de la Loire region on the Connect Talent MILCOM programme and Nantes Métropole (Conv. 2017-10470). 1

This work has been funded by the AIby4 project (Centrale Nantes-Project ANR-20-THIA-0011), INCa-DGOS-INSERM-ITMO Cancer 18011 (SIRICILIAD) with the support from the Pays de la Loire region (GCS IRECAN 220729), the European Regional Development Fund (FEDER), the Pays de la Loire region on the Connect Talent MILCOM programme and Nantes Métropole (Conv. 2017-10470). 1

This work has been partly supported by French government, through the UCAJEDI Investments in the Future project managed by the National Research Agency (ANR) with the reference number ANR-15-IDEX-01 1

This work has been supported by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME) and the GEMCEA 1

This work has been supported in part by grants from the French National Agency for Research called, Investissements d’Avenir IRON Labex n◦ ANR-11-LABX-0018-01 and ArronaxPlus Equipex n◦ ANR-11-EQPX-0004. 1

This work has benefited from a government grant managed by the National Research Agency under France2030 with reference“ANR-22-PECY-0007,” and the European Research Council (ERC) under the Horizon2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No771844 BitCrumbs). 1

This work is also supported by a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the “Investissements d’avenir” program (reference: ANR-10-EQPX-17 – Centre d’accès sécurisés aux donnés – CASD). 1

This work is a part of the RECORDS (records.huma-num.fr) research project. RECORDS is funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR) under the reference ANR-19-CE38-0013. 1

This work is currently carried out in the framework of the CENSE project which aims at proposing a new methodology for the production of more realistic noise maps, based on an assimilation of simulated and measured data through a dense network of low-cost sensors (http://cense.ifsttar.fr). This project is supported by the French National Agency for Research (ANR) under ref. 16-CE22-0012. 1

This work is part of a project funded by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR, French National Research Agency), and Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Environnement et du Travail (AFSSET, French Agency for Environment and Work Health Security ) 1

This work is part of the ongoing multi-disciplinary research effort CARBOVAL, co-funded by the New Caledonian Energy Agency ACE (grant #CS17-3160-00) and the French Environment and Energy Management Agency ADEME (grant #1894C0021). 2

This work is part of the Ph.D. thesis of V.F., who acknowledges financial support by the CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) and the CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales). V.F. would like to thank Dr. P. Mignon for his assistance in using the cluster, Dr. E. Jeanneau for the crystal structure measurements, and Dr. F. R. Clemente from the Gaussian support team for his valuable help concerning the volume calculations. 1

This work is part of the REVEA project supported by a government grant managed by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the “France 2030” program (ANR-20-STHP-0004). 2

This work is supported by a public grant overseen by the French National Research Agency (ANR) as part of the ”Investissements d’Avenir” programme within the framework of the LIEPP centre of excellence (ANR-11-LABX-0091, ANR-11-IDEX-0005-02). 1

This work is supported by the French National Institute for Health and Medical Research-French National Agency for Aids and Viral Hepatitis Research (Inserm-ANRS, grant number ECTZ147735). 1

This work was carried out by VEDECOM. It was supported by the French Research Agency (Agence Nationale de la Recherche) for funding this project in the framework of the 2nd Investment Plan for the Future (Plan d’Investissement d’Avenir), Renault Group, STELLANTIS and RATP. 1

This work was carried out with the financial support of the French Agency for the Environment and the Energy (ADEME) (Programme: ‘Mettre l’innovation sur la trajectoire du facteur 4’, Convention 11 10 C 0079) 1

This work was carried out with the financial support of the French Agency for the Environment and the Energy (ADEME) (Programme: ‘Mettre l’innovation sur la trajectoire du facteur 4’, Convention 11 10C 0079). 1

This work was conducted using the UK Biobank Resource (Application Number 25897) and the authors gratefully acknowledge the participants and those involved in building the resource. The authors thank all European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition centers for provision of biological samples and participant data. The research was made possible using the data and samples provided by the International Agency for Research on Cancer Biobank. This paper is dedicated to the memory of our colleague Dr. Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy, or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. 1

This work was done in the framework of and supported by the SeroVivax project, European Commission FP7 ELAC2015/T08-1061. Field work in Brazil was supported by the Ministry of Health of Brazil (404067/2012-3) and the Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP, 05/51988-0, 07/51199–0 and 16/50108–0). Field work in Peru was supported by the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación Tecnológica (Grant Number 008-2014-FONDECYT) and the Académie de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur-Commission de la Coopération au Développement of Belgium (Grant Number ARES-CCD, PRD-Peru 2014–2019 to NS, ALC, and ARA). ARA is a Postdoctoral Researcher of the Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique (FNRS, Belgium). 1

This work was done under the program QUAERO5 supported by OSEO6 national agency of research development. 1

This work was financed by the European Commission FP7 project PoC-HCV (Grant agreement no 601851) 1

This work was funded by Agence National de Sécurité Sanitaire, de l’Environnement et du travail (ANSES), the “Région Bretagne”, and the “Université Bretagne Loire” (UBL) and “Université de Rennes” (UNIR)(code of convention : 180019). 1

This work was funded by AP-HP (Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris), Fondation FondaMental (RTRS Santé Mentale), by the GIS(Groupement d’Intérêt Stratégique) Autisme by the Investissements d’Avenir program managed by the ANR under reference ANR-11-IDEX-0004-02 and ANR-10-COHO-10-01, and by INSERM (Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale). The funding source had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, preparation of the manuscript, or decision to submit the manuscript for publication. 1

This work was funded by a postdoctoral fellowship awarded by the AXA Research Fund (reference: 15-AXA-PDOC-037). Lastly, we thank the UTechS Photonic BioImaging facility (Imagopole, C2RT, Institut Pasteur) funded by the French National Research Agency (France BioImaging; ANR-10–INSB–04; Investments for the Future programme). 1

This work was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the project PI15/00639 (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund [ERDF], a way to build Europe). C. Castro-Espin was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the Grant FI19/00197 (Co-funded by European Social Fund. ESF investing in your future). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology—ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). The funders of this study had no role in the decisions about the analysis or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. 1

This work was funded by Instituto de Salud Carlos III through the project PI15/00639 (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund [ERDF], a way to build Europe). We thank CERCA Programme/Generalitat de Catalunya for institutional support. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); The Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology-ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 and A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). We also thank Aarhus and Oxford centres for their participation. The funders of this study were not involved in the processes of analysis or interpretation of the data; nor did they play any role in the preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. 1

This work was funded by the French National Cancer Institute (grant number 2015-166). Mathilde His’ work reported here was undertaken during the tenure of a postdoctoral fellowship awarded by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, financed by the Fondation ARC. 1

This work was funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR-17-CE17-0001). 1

This work was funded by the French Office for Biodiversity (OFB) and the French National Museum of Natural History (MNHN). 1

This work was funded by the Ministère de la Santé, DRCI Grenoble (PHRC 1997 CIRCE to A.J.). 1

This work was funded by the municipality of Pleubian and supported by the Conservatoire du littoral. It was also supported by the French “Institut National des Sciences de l’Univers” (INSU) under-program, SNO-DYNALIT. 1

This work was funded by the SFB/TRR 265 Losing and Regaining Control over Drug Intake (German Research Foundation; Project ID 402170461). This work received additional support from the following sources: RU 5187 and RU 5363 (German Research Foundation; Project IDs 442,075,332 and 459422098); the Brain & Behavior Research Foundation (NARSAD grant); the European Union-funded FP6 Integrated Project IMAGEN (Reinforcement-related behaviour in normal brain function and psychopathology) (LSHM-CT- 2007–037286), the Horizon 2020 funded ERC Advanced Grant ‘STRATIFY’ (Brain network based stratification of reinforcement-related disorders) (695313), Human Brain Project (HBP SGA 2, 785907, and HBP SGA 3, 945539), the Medical Research Council Grant 'c-VEDA’ (Consortium on Vulnerability to Externalizing Disorders and Addictions) (MR/N000390/1), the National Institute of Health (NIH) (R01DA049238, A decentralized macro and micro gene-by-environment interaction analysis of substance use behavior and its brain biomarkers), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King’s College London, the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF grants 01GS08152; 01EV0711; Forschungsnetz AERIAL 01EE1406A, 01EE1406B; Forschungsnetz IMAC-Mind 01GL1745B), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG grants SM 80/7–2, SFB 940, NE 1383/14–1), the Medical Research Foundation and Medical Research Council (grants MR/R00465X/1 and MR/S020306/1), the National Institutes of Health (NIH) funded ENIGMA (grants 5U54EB020403-05 and 1R56AG058854-01), NSFC grant 82,150,710,554 and European Union funded project ‘environMENTAL’, grant no: 101057429. Further support was provided by grants from the ANR (ANR-12-SAMA-0004, AAPG2019 - GeBra); the Eranet Neuron (AF12-NEUR0008-01 - WM2NA; and ANR-18-NEUR00002-01 - ADORe); the Fondation de France (00081242); the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale (DPA20140629802); the Mission Interministérielle de Lutte-contre-les-Drogues-et-les-Conduites-Addictives (MILDECA); the Assistance-Publique-Hôpitaux-de-Paris and INSERM (interface grant), Paris Sud University IDEX 2012; the Fondation de l’Avenir (grant AP-RM-17–013); the Fédération pour la Recherche sur le Cerveau; the National Institutes of Health, Science Foundation Ireland (16/ERCD/3797), U.S.A. (Axon, Testosterone and Mental Health during Adolescence; RO1 MH085772-01A1); the NIH Consortium grant U54 EB020403, supported by a cross-NIH alliance that funds Big Data to Knowledge Centres of Excellence. ImagenPathways “Understanding the Interplay between Cultural, Biological and Subjective Factors in Drug Use Pathways” is a collaborative project supported by the European Research Area Network on Illicit Drugs (ERANID). This paper is based on independent research commissioned and funded in England by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Policy Research Programme (project ref. PR-ST-0416–10001). The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and not necessarily those of the national funding agencies or ERANID 1

This work was partly funded by the French Environment and Energy Management Agency (ADEME)and the French region ”Pays de la Loire” 1

This work was (partly) supported by a grant from the German Research Foundation, Graduiertenkolleg 793: Epidemiology of communicable and chronic noncommunicable diseases and their interrelationships. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by the Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue contre le Cancer, Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale, and the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (France); Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); the Hellenic Health Foundation, the Stavros Niarchos Foundation and the Hellenic Ministry of Health and Social Solidarity; the Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC) and the National Research Council (Italy); the Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sport (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), and Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); ERC-2009-AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, the Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition and Health. (Norway); the Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (number 6236) and Navarra, and ISCIII RTICC Red Temática de Investigación Cooperativa en Cáncer (R06/0020) (Spain); the Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council and the Regional Government of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK, and the Medical Research Council, (United Kingdom). 1

This work was part of the projects that have received financial support respectively from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain for the activities of the project "Public problems and activism in the Maghreb. The social and political participation of young people, in addition to the local and transnational dimensions "[grant number CSO2014-52998-C3-2-P], and by the Ministry of Science, innovation and universities, the Spanish National Research Agency and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) for the project "Crisis and Political Representation in North Africa: Institutional arrangements and challenges" [Grant number CSO2017-84949-C3-2-P]. 1

This work was performed using HPC resources from GENCI-CCRT (grant 2017-t2015017232). This work received support from the French National Agency for Research and the Ile-de-France region (DIM R2DS). We also acknowledge AIRPARIF and the LABEX Urban Futures. 1

This work was possible thanks to the financial support of EFS- Auvergne-Rhone-Alpes (LC, OM, KU, YM). The SEPAGES cohort was supported by the European Research Council (N°311765-E- DOHaD), the European Community’s Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-206 - N°308333-892 HELIX), the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (N° 874583 ATHLETE Project, N°825712 OBERON Project), the French Research Agency - ANR (PAPER project ANR-12-PDOC- 0029-01, SHALCOH project ANR-14-CE21-0007, ANR-15-IDEX-02 and ANR-15-IDEX5, GUMME project ANR-18-CE36-005, ETAPE project ANR-18-CE36-0005 - EDeN project ANR-19-CE36-0003-01 – MEMORI project ANR 21-CE34-0022), the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety - ANSES (CNAP project EST-2016-121, PENDORE project EST-2016-121, HyPAxE project EST-2019/1/039), the Plan Cancer (Canc’Air project), the French Cancer Research Foundation Association de Recherche sur le Cancer – ARC, the French Endowment Fund AGIR for chronic diseases – APMC (projects PRENAPAR and LCI-FOT), the French Endowment Fund for Respiratory Health, the French Fund – Fondation de France (CLIMATHES – 00081169, SEPAGES 5 – 00099903, ELEMENTUM - 00124527). 1

This work was published within the framework of the "I-Site NExT DELPHI Cluster" and received support from France managed by the ANR (French National Research Agency) under the Future Investment Program "PIA - France 2030" (reference ANR-16-IDEX-0007), as well as financial support from the Région Pays de la Loire and Nantes Métropole. 1

This work was realized with the data of the E3N cohort of the Inserm and supported by the Mutuelle Générale de l'Education Nationale (MGEN), the Gustave Roussy Institute, and the French League Against Cancer for the constitution and maintenance of the cohort. This work has benefited from State aid managed by the National Research Agency under the program “Investment in the future” bearing the reference ANR-10-COHO-0006 as well as subsidy from the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation for public service charges bearing the reference n°2103586016. This work was also supported by a doctoral funding from the University Paris-Saclay Doctoral School of Public Health EDSP. 1

This work was realized with the data of the E3N cohort of the Inserm and supported by the Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale ( MGEN ), the Gustave Roussy Institute, and the French League against Cancer for the constitution and maintenance of the cohort. This work has benefited from State aid managed by the Nation Research Agency under the program “Investment in the future” bearing the reference ANR-10-COHO-0006 as well as subsidy from the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation for public service charges bearing the reference n°2102918823. 1

This work was realized with the data of the E3N cohort of the Inserm and supported by the Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale (MGEN), the Gustave Roussy Institute, and the French League against Cancer for the constitution and maintenance of the cohort. This work has benefited from State aid managed by the Nation Research Agency under the program “Investment in the future” bearing the reference ANR-10-COHO-0006 as well as subsidy from the Ministry of Higher Education, Research and Innovation for public service charges bearing the reference n°2102918823. 1

This work was supported by Agence Nationale de la Recherche ANR PNR 2006 (ANR/DEDD/PNRA/PROJ/200206-01-01) and Longvie 2007 (LVIE-003-01). 1

This work was supported by a grant for the Nutriperso Project (IDEX Paris Saclay). This research was carried out using data from Inserm's E3N cohort with the support of the MGEN, the Institut GUSTAVE ROUSSY and the Ligue contre le Cancer for the constitution and maintenance of the E3N cohort. This work has also benefited from State aid managed by the National Research Agency under the program "Investissement d’avenir" under the reference ANR-10-COHO-0006 as well as a subsidy from the "Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur, de la recherche et de l’innovation" for public service charges under the reference n°2102 918823. 1

This work was supported by a grant from AP-HP (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris) to NG. 1

This work was supported by a grant from the French Ministry of Health (PHRC, PROG/20-12, 2011). The protocol was also independently peer-reviewed by this institution. The Region “Pays de la Loire” and the Regional Health Agency (ARS) also support the rental of the tablets and the equipment deployed in Nantes Universality hospital. 1

This work was supported by a research grant from the French Ministry of Health (Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique, PHRC—#AOR05007). The sponsor was the public organization Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement, Assistance Publique—Hôpitaux de Paris.The trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (#NCT00372684). 1

This work was supported by Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC, grant number 4982), by Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP, grant number 07018), Université Paris-Sud 11, and by Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM). Tumor collection was supported by GINECO (ARCAGY). 1

This work was supported by ATM-MNHN Blanche 2019 “COLL-FLUID-ADN,” and by grant from Direction des collections, MNHN for “Brain Catalogue project.” 1

This work was supported by Cancer Research UK (CRUK) (grant number C19335/A21351 , to MJG and HK). 1

This work was supported by Cancer Research UK (CRUK) (grant number C19335/A21351, to MJG and HK).The metabolomics infrastructure in the Division of Cancer, Imperial College London is supported by the Imperial College Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, the Imperial College Cancer Research UK Centre and the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (APS & HK). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition PotsdamRehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS) - Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology - ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford). (United Kingdom). 1

This work was supported by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft SFB633, KFO104, SCHN 616/6-2, European commission QLG1-CT-2002-01049 and Charité doctorate grants. The German Consiliary Laboratory for T. whipplei is supported by the Robert Koch Institute. The funders had no role in the study design, the data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. 1

This work was supported by French National Research Agency and the National research Fund, Luxembourg (ANR-10-Labex-21-01/LABEXRESSOURCES21, ANR-FNR INTER programme, 15/11209808, ECOTREE project). 1

This work was supported by grants from The Cancer Research Foundation in Northern Sweden and The County Council of V?sterbotten, Sweden, and the German Cancer Research Center. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale, Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF); the Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); ERC-2009-AdG 232997 and Nordforsk, Nordic Centre of Excellence programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada; PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia), Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). Additional funding received from the Anna and Edwin Berger Foundation (K.R.), Malm? Hospital Cancer Foundation (K.R.), Cancerfonden (CAN 2016/545 to K.R.). 1

This work was supported by grants from the French “Direction de l’Hospitalization et l’Organization des Soins” (DHOS) (PROG/09/03), Ligue contre le cancer Grand Ouest (Comités du Finistère, de Loire-Atlantique, Côtes d’Armor et Morbihan), DHU Oncogreffe, CHU Nantes (RC14-0416-1), Cancéropôle Grand Ouest (Réseau Immunothérapie—Amgen RC16-0212-1). This work was performed in the context of the LabEX IGO program supported by the National Research Agency via the investment of the future program ANR-11-LABX-0016-01. Juliette Eugene was the recipient of a fellowship from INSERM (Institut National de la Santé Et de la Recherche Médicale) and INCa (Institut National du Cancer) (Plan Cancer 2009–2013 AAC “Soutien pour la Formation à la Recherche Translationnelle en Cancérologie”) and Nicolas Jouand from the LabEX IGO. 1

This work was supported by grants from the French National Research Agency: ProFI project (ANR-10-INBS-08), GRAL project (ANR-10-LABX-49-01) and SYMER project (ANR-15-IDEX-02) 1

This work was supported by grants from the National Institute of Health and Medical Research (INSERM ATC2003-A0313665), the National Research Agency (ANR PNRA2006 2.24), the French Agency for Environmental and Occupational Health Safety (AFSSET APR2003 RD-2004-010), the French Ministry of Environment (PNRPE APR2005 CV05000142), and the General Health Directorate (DGS RMC11129NNA & R17142NN). 1

This work was supported by grants to kConFab and the kConFab Follow-Up Study from Cancer Australia (809195, 1100868), the Australian National Breast Cancer Foundation (IF 17), the National Health and Medical Research Council (454508, 288704, 145684), the National Institute of Health U.S.A. (1RO1CA159868), the Queensland Cancer Fund, the Cancer Councils of New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and South Australia, and the Cancer Foundation of Western Australia. Kelly Phillips is an Australian National Breast Cancer Foundation fellow.Lenka Foretova was supported by MH CZ - DRO (MMCI, 00209805) and by MEYS - NPS I- LO1413 to LF, MN. Edith Olah and The Hungarian Breast and Ovarian Cancer Study was supported by Hungarian Research Grants KTIA-OTKA CK-80745, NKFI OTKA K-112228 and the Norwegian EEA Financial Mechanism HU0115/NA/2008-3/ÖP-9. Hakan Olsson and Lund-BRCA collaborators are supported by the Swedish Cancer Society, Lund Hospital Funds, and European Research Council Advanced Grant ERC-2011-294576. Stockholm-BRCA collaborators are supported by the Swedish Cancer Society. 1

This work was supported by Ligue Contre le Cancer (Nationale and Comités du Calvados, de l’Orne, de la Manche, du Maine-et-Loire et de Paris), Mutualité Sociale Agricole (caisse centrale et caisses des Alpes du Nord, de l’Alsace, de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, des Côtes Normandes, de Gironde, de Loire Atlantique–Vendée, de Midi Pyrénées Nord, de la Picardie), Fondation de France (Mr Edouard Serres), Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (within the call for projects 2005, 2006 and 2010 of the programme «Environnement Santé Travail » of ANSES, with funding from l’ONEMA in support of the Ecophyto 2018 plan), Institut National du Cancer [InCA 8422], Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer [ARC 02–010], Institut National de Médecine Agricole, Centre François Baclesse and Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. 1

This work was supported by PO1-155258 and P50-100707 from the French Ministry of Health, Soutien aux Techniques Innovantes Couteuses 2010 Cancer STIC 10/03. This work has been supported in part by grants from the French National Agency for Research, called "Investissements d'Avenir" IRON Labex n° ANR-11-LABX-0018-01 and ArronaxPlusEquipex n ANR-11-EQPX-0004, and by grants from DHU Oncogreffe and SIRIC ILIAD (Imaging and Longitudinal Investigations to Ameliorate Decision-making in Multiple Myeloma and Breast Cancer). 1

This work was supported by public funds from Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Santé publique France and the French National Research Agency (ANR). The funding was not specific for the study described in this article. The funder had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, writing of the report, or in the decision to submit this article for publication. All researchers’ decisions have been entirely independent from funders. 1

This work was supported by Regional Health Agency of French Guiana (Convention n° FIR/ARS/2014/91). 1

This work was supported by RISET (EU FP6 program) under grant agreement no. 512090 and Bio-DrIM (EU FP7 program). Grants from the Internal Grant Agency of the Ministry of Health of the Czech Republic NT14102-3/2013 and AZVČR 15-26865A and MH CZ DRO (“Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine—IKEM, IN 00023001”). 1

This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA and the Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris. 1

This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le SIDA (ANRS) and the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP). 1

This work was supported by the Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail (ANSES, grant EST/2011/1/053) and by the Institut de Médecine et d’Epidémiologie Appliquée. This study was supported in part (GN, SLG) by the European Union (ERANet-LAC CAPRI-PC HID-0254) 1

This work was supported by the ANRS and the Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP, Paris). 1

This work was supported by the Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, French Ministry of Health, Inserm, SPILF, and the Pfizer Pharmaceutical company, which also funded ORP. The study was endorsed by the following professional organizations: Association Pour l'enseignement de la Thérapeutique, Société de Pathologie Infectieuse de Langue Française, Société Française de Microbiologie, Société Nationale Française de Médecine Interne, Société de Réanimation de Langue Française, Société Française de Gérontologie, Société Française d'Anesthésie-Réanimation. 1

This work was supported by the Association France-Alzheimer, Conseil Régional de Basse Normandie and the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche. 1

This work was supported by the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) (Grant RF20180207126). The funders had no role in the design, analysis, or writing of this article. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Center (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by the following: Danish Cancer Society(Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Agence Nationale pour la Recherche (ANR-10-COHO-0006) within the Investissement d’Avenir program, Ministère de l’enseignement supérieur, de la recherche et de l’innovation (MESRI, grant number 2103 586016) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di San Paolo and National Research Council(Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry(NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland),World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden);Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford), (UK). The EPIC-Norfolk study ( https://doi.org/10.22025/2019.10.105.00004 ) has received funding from the Medical Research Council (MR/N003284/1, MC-UU_12015/1 and MC_UU_00006/1) and Cancer Research UK (C864/A14136). We are grateful to all the participants who have been part of the project and to the many members of the study teams at the University of Cambridge who have enabled this research. 1

This work was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and United State Agency for International development-President’s Malaria Initiative through the World Health Organization. M. M.-K. and B. W. were supported by 5% initiative (MIVS-ACT, grant number 15SANIN211). 1

This work was supported by the CENTAURE foundation (www.fondation-centaure.org), which supports a French transplantation research network, the IHU-Cesti project, the DHU Oncogreffe, and the LabEX IGO thanks to French government financial support managed by the National Research Agency via the Investment into the Future program (ANR-10-IBHU-005 and ANR-11- LABX-0016-01). The IHU-Cesti project was also supported by Nantes Métropole and Région Pays de la Loire. This work was performed in the context of the ANR project BIKET (ANR-17-CE17-0008). RD was supported by a Marie Skłodowska-Curie fellowship (IF-EF) from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Grant Agreement No. 706296. 1

This work was supported by the Direction Générale de la Santé (French Ministry of Health) (Grant GR-IARC-2003-09-12-01) and by the French National Cancer Institute (INCA_N°2018-123), and the Cancéropôle Ile-de-France (N°2018-1-PL SHS-06-CIRC-1). Funding for the InterAct project was provided by the EU FP6 programme (grant no. LSHM_CT_2006_037197). EPIC-CVD has been supported by the European Union Framework 7 (HEALTH24 F2-2012-279233), the European Research Council (268834), the UK Medical Research 25 Council (G0800270 and MR/ L003120/1), the British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002 and 26 RG/08/014 and RG13/ 13/30194), and the UK National Institute of Health Research. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS), PI13/00061 to Granada;, PI13/01162 to EPIC-Murcia), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C570/A16491 and C8221/A19170 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk, MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (UK). The funder of the study had no role in study design, data collection, data analysis, data interpretation, or writing of the report. 1

This work was supported by the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale, grant number n°ECO201906009060 to TF. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and also by the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London which has additional infrastructure support provided by the NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre (BRC). The national cohorts are supported by: Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Générale de l’Education Nationale, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Agence Nationale de la recherche au titre du programme « Investissement d’avenir » PIA (ANR-10-COHO-0006) et du Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur, de la recherche et de l'innovation pour charges de service public (MESRI n°2103 586016) (France); German Cancer Aid, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) (Germany); Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, Compagnia di SanPaolo and National Research Council (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), Statistics Netherlands (The Netherlands); Health Research Fund (FIS)—Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Regional Governments of Andalucía, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia and Navarra, and the Catalan Institute of Oncology—ICO (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Research Council and County Councils of Skåne and Västerbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 to EPIC-Norfolk; C8221/A29017 to EPIC-Oxford), Medical Research Council (1000143 to EPIC-Norfolk; MR/M012190/1 to EPIC-Oxford) (United Kingdom). The funders of this study had no role in the decisions about the analysis or interpretation of the data; or preparation, review or approval of the manuscript. Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer / World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer / World Health Organization. 1

This work was supported by the French Ministry of Education (Department for Youth, Community Education, and Life Skills and the Evaluation, Forecasting and Performance Department (DEPP), the Acting For School Association (Agir pour l'Ecole), the LabEx Cortex (“Construction, Function and Cognitive Function and Rehabilitation of the Cortex”, ANR-10-LABX-0042) at the University of Lyon (France), within the program “Investissements d'Avenir” (ANR-11-IDEX-0007) organized by the French National Research Agency (ANR). 1

This work was supported by the French National Agency for Research on AIDS and Viral Hepatitis (ANRS). ANRS is an autonomous agency at Inserm. The ANRS functions as promotor and funding and had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. Jeanne Sibiude received a grant from ANRS [n°14055] and from AIDS Healthcare Foundation for this work. 1

This work was supported by the French National Cancer Institute (L'Institut National du Cancer; INCA; grant number 2009-139; PI: M. Jenab). AF received financial support (BDI fellowship) from the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) and Bruker Biospin. The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO) and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Gustave Roussy, Mutuelle Generale de l'Education Nationale, and Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM) (France); Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ), and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC), National Research Council, Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro-AIRC-Italy, and AIRE-ONLUS Ragusa, AVIS Ragusa, Sicilian Government (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS), Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR), LK Research Funds, Dutch Prevention Funds, Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland), World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF), and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); European Research Council (ERC; grant number ERC-2009-AdG 232997) and Nordforsk, and Nordic Center of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS), Regional Governments of Andalucia, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. 6236) and Navarra, and ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society, Swedish Scientific Council, and Regional Government of Skane and Vasterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK, Medical Research Council, Stroke Association, British Heart Foundation, Department of Health, Food Standards Agency, and Wellcome Trust (UK). The funders had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, and interpretation presented in this article. They were neither involved in the writing of the manuscript, nor in the decision to submit it for publication. 1

This work was supported by the French National Cancer Institute (L'Institut National du Cancer; INCA) (grant number 2014-1-RT-02-CIRC-1; PI: M. Jenab). The coordination of EPIC is financially supported by the European Commission (DG-SANCO); and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. The national cohorts are supported by Danish Cancer Society (Denmark); Ligue Contre le Cancer; Institut Gustave Roussy; Mutuelle G?n?rale de l'Education Nationale; and Institut National de la Sant? et de la Recherche M?dicale (INSERM) (France); Deutsche Krebshilfe, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum (DKFZ); and Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Germany); Hellenic Health Foundation (Greece); Italian Association for Research on Cancer (AIRC); National Research Council; and AIRE-ONLUS Ragusa, AVIS Ragusa, Sicilian Government (Italy); Dutch Ministry of Public Health, Welfare and Sports (VWS); Netherlands Cancer Registry (NKR); LK Research Funds; Dutch Prevention Funds; Dutch ZON (Zorg Onderzoek Nederland); World Cancer Research Fund (WCRF); and Statistics Netherlands (the Netherlands); and Nordic Center of Excellence Programme on Food, Nutrition and Health (Norway); Health Research Fund (FIS); Regional Governments of Andaluc?a, Asturias, Basque Country, Murcia (No. 6236) and Navarra; and ISCIII RETIC (RD06/0020) and the Catalan Institute of Oncology (Spain); Swedish Cancer Society; Swedish Scientific Council; and Regional Government of Sk?ne and V?sterbotten (Sweden); Cancer Research UK (14136 for EPIC-Norfolk and C570/A16491 for EPIC-Oxford) and the Medical Research Council (1000143 for EPIC-Norfolk and MR/M012190/1 for EPIC-Oxford) (UK). The funding sources had no influence on the design of the study; the collection, analysis, and interpretation of data; the writing of the report; or the decision to submit the paper for publication. Disclaimer: Where authors are identified as personnel of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization, the authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this article and they do not necessarily represent the decisions, policy or views of the International Agency for Research on Cancer/World Health Organization. 1

This work was supported by the French National Research Agency through the National Program “Investissements d’Avenir” with the reference ANR-10-LABX-21-01/LABEX RESSOURCES21 and by the Région Grand-Est. 1

This work was supported by the Grand Port Maritime of Guadeloupe, by a FEDER grant, financed by the European Union and Guadeloupe Region (Programme Opérationnel FEDER-Guadeloupe-Conseil Régional 2014–2020, Grant number 2015-FED-192), by FEDER RESMALIN2 and by the National Center of Expertise on Vectors (Montpellier, France). 1

This work was supported by the Institut de Recherche en Santé Publique [SSC201504 to C.R.]. In addition, the French national Research Agency supported the early development of this study [ANR-11-PHUC-001 to G.L.]. 1

This work was supported by the Institut Pasteur (MT, ACr, DH and BR) and Institut Pasteur of Guinea (SB, Aca and BR), the Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (VJ, JMB and BB), the French Government Investissement d’Avenir programme - Laboratoire d’Excellence “Integrative Biology of Emerging Infectious Diseases” (ANR-10-LABX-62-IBEID sub-grant to BR, salary to CT and JMTN) and the French National Agency for Scientific Research (project ANR-18-CE15-0012 TrypaDerm to BR, salary to IS and CT). 1

This work was supported by the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, the Université Paris-Descartes, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), the Institut National du Cancer (INCA, n° 2009-1-RT-03-US-1 and 2009-RT-03-UP5-1), the Association pour la recherche contre le cancer (ARC, no. SL220100601375), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR Nano-biotechnologies; n° ANR-10-NANO-0002-09), the SIRIC CARPEM, the ligue nationale contre le cancer(LNCC, Program ‘Equipe labelisée LIGUE’; no° EL2016.LNCC/VaT), and Advanced Merieux Research Grant (PLP and VT). Dr. L.B. received an INCA fellowship (number 0849). G.P. was supported by a CIFRE funding (number 2018/0368) from ANRT (Association Nationale Recherche Technologie) and Eurofin-Biomnis. 1

This work was supported by the Ministère de l’Enseignement Supérieur et de la Recherche, the Université Paris-Descartes, the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), the Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), the Institut National du Cancer (INCA, n° 2009-1-RT-03-US-1 and 2009-RT-03-UP5-1), the Association pour la recherche contre le cancer (ARC, no. SL220100601375), the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR Nanobiotechnologies; no. ANR-10-NANO-0002-09), the SIRIC CARPEM, the ligue nationale contre le cancer (LNCC, Program “Equipe labelisée LIGUE”; no. EL2016.LNCC/VaT) and Advanced Merieux Research Grant (PLP and VT) and canceropole funding (no. 2011-1-LABEL-UP5-2). 1

This work was supported by the National Agency for Research (Grant Nos. ANR-16-CE08-0003-01 and ANR-21-ERCC-0009-01) and Region Pays de la Loire (Etoiles montantes en Pays de la Loire 2017, project "Decouverte de perovskites hybrides assistee par ordinateur"). Calculations were conducted at Centre de Calcul Intensif des Pays de la Loire (CCIPL), Universite de Nantes. 1

TSER Programme (Contract n° SOE 1-1054): Directorate-General for Science, Research and Development, European Commission 1