Global distribution of earthworm diversity
Helen Phillips
(1, 2)
,
Carlos A Guerra
(1, 3)
,
Marie L C Bartz
(4)
,
Maria J I Briones
(5)
,
George Brown
(6)
,
Thomas W Crowther
(7)
,
Olga Ferlian
(1, 2)
,
Konstantin B Gongalsky
(8, 9)
,
Johan van den Hoogen
(7)
,
Julia Krebs
(1, 2)
,
Alberto Orgiazzi
(10)
,
Devin Routh
(7)
,
Benjamin Schwarz
(11)
,
Elizabeth M Bach
(12)
,
Joanne Bennett
(1)
,
Ulrich Brose
(1, 13)
,
Thibaud Decaëns
(14)
,
Birgitta König-Ries
(13)
,
Michel Loreau
(15)
,
Jérôme Mathieu
(16)
,
Christian Mulder
(17)
,
Wim H van Der Putten
(18)
,
Kelly S Ramirez
(18)
,
Matthias C Rillig
(19)
,
David Russell
(20)
,
Michiel Rutgers
(21)
,
Madhav P Thakur
(18)
,
Franciska de Vries
(22)
,
Diana Wall
(23)
,
David Wardle
(24)
,
Miwa Arai
(25)
,
Fredrick Ayuke
(26)
,
Geoff Baker
(27)
,
Robin Beauséjour
(28)
,
José Bedano
(29)
,
Klaus Birkhofer
(30)
,
Eric Blanchart
(31)
,
Bernd Blossey
(32)
,
Thomas Bolger
(33)
,
Robert Bradley
(28)
,
Mac A. Callaham
(34)
,
Yvan Capowiez
(35)
,
Mark Caulfield
(36)
,
Amy Choi
(37)
,
Felicity Crotty
(38, 39)
,
Andrea Dávalos
(32, 40)
,
Darío Cosin
(41)
,
Anahí Dominguez
(29)
,
Andrés Esteban Duhour
(42)
,
Nick van Eekeren
(43)
,
Christoph Emmerling
(44)
,
Liliana Falco
(42)
,
Rosa Fernández
(45)
,
Steven Fonte
(23)
,
Carlos Fragoso
(46)
,
André Franco
(23)
,
Martine Fugère
(28)
,
Abegail Fusilero
(47, 48)
,
Shaieste Gholami
(49)
,
Michael Gundale
(50)
,
Mónica Gutiérrez López
(41)
,
Davorka Hackenberger
(51)
,
Luis Hernández
(52)
,
Takuo Hishi
(53)
,
Andrew Holdsworth
(46)
,
Martin Holmstrup
(54)
,
Kristine Hopfensperger
(55)
,
Esperanza Huerta Lwanga
(36)
,
Veikko Huhta
(56)
,
Tunsisa Hurisso
(23, 57)
,
Basil Iannone
(58)
,
Madalina Iordache
(46)
,
Monika Joschko
(59)
,
Nobuhiro Kaneko
(46)
,
Radoslava Kanianska
(60)
,
Aidan Keith
(61)
,
Courtland Kelly
(23)
,
Maria Kernecker
(59)
,
Jonatan Klaminder
(62)
,
Armand Koné
(63)
,
Yahya Kooch
(64)
,
Sanna Kukkonen
(65)
,
Hmar Lalthanzara
(46)
,
Daniel Lammel
(66)
,
Iurii Lebedev
(8, 9)
,
Yiqing Li
(67)
,
Juan Lidon
(41)
,
Noa Lincoln
(68)
,
Scott Loss
(69)
,
Raphaël Marichal
(70)
,
Radim Matula
(71)
,
Jan Hendrik Moos
(72)
,
Gerardo Moreno
(73)
,
Alejandro Morón-Ríos
(74)
,
Bart Muys
(75)
,
Johan Neirynck
(76)
,
Lindsey Norgrove
(77)
,
Marta Novo
(41)
,
Visa Nuutinen
(65)
,
Victoria Nuzzo
(78)
,
Mujeeb Rahman P
(46)
,
Johan Pansu
(79, 80)
,
Shishir Paudel
(69)
,
Guénola Pérès
(81)
,
Lorenzo Pérez-Camacho
(82)
,
Raúl Piñeiro
(83)
,
Jean-François Ponge
(84)
,
Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid
(85, 86)
,
Salvador Rebollo
(82)
,
Javier Rodeiro-Iglesias
(5)
,
Miguel A. Rodriguez
(82)
,
Alexander Roth
(87)
,
Guillaume Rousseau
(52)
,
Anna Rozen
(88)
,
Ehsan Sayad
(49)
,
Loes van Schaik
(89)
,
Bryant Scharenbroch
(90)
,
Michael Schirrmann
(91)
,
Olaf Schmidt
(33)
,
Boris Schröder
(19, 92)
,
Julia Seeber
(93)
,
Maxim Shashkov
(94)
,
Jaswinder Singh
(46)
,
Sandy Smith
(37)
,
Michael Steinwandter
(95)
,
José Talavera
(96)
,
Dolores Trigo
(41)
,
Jiro Tsukamoto
(97)
,
Anne de Valença
(98)
,
Steven Vanek
(23)
,
Iñigo Virto
(99)
,
Adrian Wackett
(100)
,
Matthew Warren
(46)
,
Nathaniel Wehr
(68)
,
Joann Whalen
(101)
,
Michael Wironen
(46)
,
Volkmar Wolters
(102)
,
Irina Zenkova
(46)
,
Weixin Zhang
(103)
,
Erin Cameron
(104, 105)
,
Nico Eisenhauer
(1, 106)
1
iDiv -
German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research
2 Institute of Biology [Leipzig]
3 Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
4 Universidade Positivo = Positivo University [Curitiba]
5 Universidade de Vigo
6 Embrapa - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation = Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
7 ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]
8 A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution
9 MSU - Lomonosov Moscow State University
10 JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra]
11 Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg = University of Freiburg
12 Department of Biology [Fort Collins]
13 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany]
14 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
15 SETE - Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale
16 iEES - Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris
17 Unict - Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania
18 Department of Terrestrial Ecology [Wageningen]
19 BBIB - Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research
20 Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz
21 RIVM - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven]
22 UvA - Universiteit van Amsterdam
23 CSU - Colorado State University [Fort Collins]
24 NTU - Nanyang Technological University [Singapour]
25 NARO - National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
26 UoN - University of Nairobi
27 CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra]
28 UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke
29 CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires]
30 BTU - Brandenburg University of Technology [Cottbus – Senftenberg]
31 UMR Eco&Sols - Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes
32 CU - Cornell University [Ithaca]
33 UCD - University College Dublin [Dublin]
34 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
35 PSH - Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles
36 WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]
37 University of Toronto
38 Aberystwyth University
39 RAU - Royal Agricultural University
40 SUNY - State University of New York
41 UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]
42 Universidad Nacional de Luján [Buenos Aires]
43 LBI - Louis Bolk Institute
44 Trier University of Applied Sciences
45 UPF - Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]
46 Auteur indépendant
47 UP System - University of the Philippines
48 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University = Université de Gand
49 Razi University of Kermanshah
50 SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences = Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet
51 Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
52 UEMA - Universidade Estadual do Maranhão = State University of Maranhão
53 Kyushu University
54 Aarhus University [Aarhus]
55 Northern Kentucky University
56 JYU - University of Jyväskylä
57 University of Central Missouri
58 UF - University of Florida [Gainesville]
59 ZALF - Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research
60 UMB - Matej Bel University
61 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
62 Umeå University = Umeå Universitet
63 UNA - Université Nangui Abrogoua
64 Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran]
65 LUKE - Natural Resources Institute Finland
66 Freie Universität Berlin
67 University of Hawai'i [Hilo]
68 UHM - University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa]
69 OSU - Oklahoma State University [Stillwater]
70 UPR Système de pérennes - Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes
71 CZU - Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
72 Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut = Thünen Institute
73 UEX - Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura
74 ECOSUR - EI Colegio de la Frontera Sur
75 KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
76 INBO - Research Institute for Nature and Forest
77 BFH - Bern University of Applied Sciences
78 Natural Area Consultants
79 CSIRO-MAR - CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
80 ADMM - Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin
81 SAS - Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation
82 UAH - Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá
83 University of Vigo [ Pontevedra]
84 AVIV - Département Adaptations du vivant
85 King Abdulaziz University
86 CUI - COMSATS University Islamabad
87 UMN - University of Minnesota System
88 UJ - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University
89 TUB - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin
90 University of Wisconsin-Madison
91 ATB - Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy [Potsdam]
92 Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig]
93 Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck
94 IMPB RAS - Institute of Mathematical Problems in Biology
95 Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research
96 ULL - Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP]
97 Kochi University
98 WWF - World Wide Fund
99 UPNA - Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra
100 Department of Soil, Water and Climate
101 McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]
102 Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics
103 Henan University
104 Saint Mary's University [Halifax]
105 Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
106 Leipzig University / Universität Leipzig
2 Institute of Biology [Leipzig]
3 Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg
4 Universidade Positivo = Positivo University [Curitiba]
5 Universidade de Vigo
6 Embrapa - Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation = Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária
7 ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]
8 A.N. Severtsov Institute of Ecology and Evolution
9 MSU - Lomonosov Moscow State University
10 JRC - European Commission - Joint Research Centre [Ispra]
11 Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg = University of Freiburg
12 Department of Biology [Fort Collins]
13 Friedrich-Schiller-Universität = Friedrich Schiller University Jena [Jena, Germany]
14 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
15 SETE - Station d'écologie théorique et expérimentale
16 iEES - Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris
17 Unict - Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania
18 Department of Terrestrial Ecology [Wageningen]
19 BBIB - Berlin-Brandenburg Institute of Advanced Biodiversity Research
20 Senckenberg Museum of Natural History Görlitz
21 RIVM - National Institute for Public Health and the Environment [Bilthoven]
22 UvA - Universiteit van Amsterdam
23 CSU - Colorado State University [Fort Collins]
24 NTU - Nanyang Technological University [Singapour]
25 NARO - National Agriculture and Food Research Organization
26 UoN - University of Nairobi
27 CSIRO - Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra]
28 UdeS - Université de Sherbrooke
29 CONICET - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires]
30 BTU - Brandenburg University of Technology [Cottbus – Senftenberg]
31 UMR Eco&Sols - Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes
32 CU - Cornell University [Ithaca]
33 UCD - University College Dublin [Dublin]
34 USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station
35 PSH - Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles
36 WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]
37 University of Toronto
38 Aberystwyth University
39 RAU - Royal Agricultural University
40 SUNY - State University of New York
41 UCM - Universidad Complutense de Madrid = Complutense University of Madrid [Madrid]
42 Universidad Nacional de Luján [Buenos Aires]
43 LBI - Louis Bolk Institute
44 Trier University of Applied Sciences
45 UPF - Universitat Pompeu Fabra [Barcelona]
46 Auteur indépendant
47 UP System - University of the Philippines
48 UGENT - Universiteit Gent = Ghent University = Université de Gand
49 Razi University of Kermanshah
50 SLU - Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences = Sveriges lantbruksuniversitet
51 Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek
52 UEMA - Universidade Estadual do Maranhão = State University of Maranhão
53 Kyushu University
54 Aarhus University [Aarhus]
55 Northern Kentucky University
56 JYU - University of Jyväskylä
57 University of Central Missouri
58 UF - University of Florida [Gainesville]
59 ZALF - Leibniz-Zentrum für Agrarlandschaftsforschung = Leibniz Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research
60 UMB - Matej Bel University
61 UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
62 Umeå University = Umeå Universitet
63 UNA - Université Nangui Abrogoua
64 Tarbiat Modares University [Tehran]
65 LUKE - Natural Resources Institute Finland
66 Freie Universität Berlin
67 University of Hawai'i [Hilo]
68 UHM - University of Hawai‘i [Mānoa]
69 OSU - Oklahoma State University [Stillwater]
70 UPR Système de pérennes - Performance des systèmes de culture des plantes pérennes
71 CZU - Czech University of Life Sciences Prague
72 Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut = Thünen Institute
73 UEX - Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura
74 ECOSUR - EI Colegio de la Frontera Sur
75 KU Leuven - Catholic University of Leuven = Katholieke Universiteit Leuven
76 INBO - Research Institute for Nature and Forest
77 BFH - Bern University of Applied Sciences
78 Natural Area Consultants
79 CSIRO-MAR - CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research
80 ADMM - Adaptation et diversité en milieu marin
81 SAS - Sol Agro et hydrosystème Spatialisation
82 UAH - Universidad de Alcalá - University of Alcalá
83 University of Vigo [ Pontevedra]
84 AVIV - Département Adaptations du vivant
85 King Abdulaziz University
86 CUI - COMSATS University Islamabad
87 UMN - University of Minnesota System
88 UJ - Uniwersytet Jagielloński w Krakowie = Jagiellonian University
89 TUB - Technical University of Berlin / Technische Universität Berlin
90 University of Wisconsin-Madison
91 ATB - Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy [Potsdam]
92 Technische Universität Braunschweig = Technical University of Braunschweig [Braunschweig]
93 Leopold Franzens Universität Innsbruck - University of Innsbruck
94 IMPB RAS - Institute of Mathematical Problems in Biology
95 Institute for Alpine Environment, Eurac Research
96 ULL - Universidad de La Laguna [Tenerife - SP]
97 Kochi University
98 WWF - World Wide Fund
99 UPNA - Universidad Pública de Navarra [Espagne] = Public University of Navarra
100 Department of Soil, Water and Climate
101 McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada]
102 Department of Animal Ecology and Systematics
103 Henan University
104 Saint Mary's University [Halifax]
105 Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
106 Leipzig University / Universität Leipzig
Ulrich Brose
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1018700
Thibaud Decaëns
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 761454
- IdHAL : thibaud-decaens
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0915-3882
- IdRef : 114686343
Birgitta König-Ries
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1030136
Michel Loreau
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 178300
- IdHAL : michel-loreau
- ORCID : 0000-0002-0122-495X
- IdRef : 072615680
Jérôme Mathieu
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 784148
- IdRef : 152864075
Eric Blanchart
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1106182
- IdHAL : eric-blanchart
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5258-5069
Yvan Capowiez
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1207345
- IdHAL : yvancapowiez
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5495-5775
- IdRef : 151743452
Armand Koné
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 797806
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8619-2888
Gerardo Moreno
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 847305
Guénola Pérès
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1200942
- IdHAL : guenola-peres
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4822-2572
Jean-François Ponge
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 3847
- IdHAL : jean-francois-ponge
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6504-5267
- IdRef : 05986317X
Muhammad Imtiaz Rashid
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1033234
Guillaume Rousseau
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 920061
Résumé
Soil organisms, including earthworms, are a key component of terrestrial ecosystems. However, little is known about their diversity, distribution, and the threats affecting them. Here, we compiled a global dataset of sampled earthworm communities from 6928 sites in 57 countries to predict patterns in earthworm diversity, abundance, and biomass. We identified that local species richness and abundance typically peaked at higher latitudes, patterns opposite to those observed in aboveground organisms. However, diversity across the entirety of the tropics may be higher than elsewhere, due to high species dissimilarity across locations. Climate variables were more important in shaping earthworm communities than soil properties or habitat cover. These findings suggest that climate change may have serious implications for earthworm communities and therefore the functions they provide.
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