A semi-directed ethnobotanic survey of the traditional treatment of ophthalmic diseases was conducted among the medicinal plant retailers in the markets of Adjamé and Abobo, in the District of Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire). Seventeen female informers from five ethnic groups (mostly Baoulé and Malinké), aged from 20 to 60 years (mean 39.1 years) were interviewed about their knowledge of eye diseases. ‘Conjunctivitis’ and ‘redness of the eye’ were frequently cited, sometimes with a precise traditional definition of the ailment (‘koko’, possibly corresponding to allergic conjunctivitis; ‘apollo’, for viral conjunctivitis). Phytotherapy is largely used to treat these specific ailments and symptoms of conjunctivitis: each informer cited an average of five plant species, with no obvious differences related to ethnic origin. Overall, 44 plant parts from 36 species, belonging to 26 botanical families, among which six were from the Fabaceae, were cited (Table 1). These plants were mostly Fabids and Malvids (Figure 2), in contrast with those used in Europe. Disparate phytotherapeutic uses were found (19 plants, i.e. 54%, were cited only once), but consensus existed for several species, the most cited being Ocimum gratissimum (Lamiaceae; 14 citations, 82% of informers), Dissotis rotundifolia (Melastomataceae; 11 citations), Kalanchoe crenata (Crassulaceae; eight citations), Desmodium adscendens (Fabaceae; five citations), Combretum paniculatum (Combretaceae), Manotes longiflora (Connaraceae), Adenia lobata (Passifloraceae) and Phyllanthus muellerianus (Phyllanthaceae) - all four citations each. Several of these plants had been inventoried in the 1970s, have convergent uses in neighbouring countries [e.g. O. gratissimum, Nauclea latifolia (Rubiaceae)], and/or constitute ‘classical’ plants of the Ivorian popular pharmacopoeia [Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae), Abrus precatorius (Fabaceae), O. gratissimum, Zanthoxylum zanthoxyloides (Rutaceae)]. Interestingly, their main traditional therapeutic indications, as softeners in sore throats or for antiseptic purposes, can be regarded as evocative of the uses inventoried here. Leaves are used in 64.0% of cases. Roots and flowers are poorly (4.4%) and never cited, respectively. Direct use of latex or of sap was mentioned three times (3.7%). Half of the uses of leaves are performed in a fresh form, as expressed juice. Decoction is, however, the main mode of preparation (56%), the extracts being kept for 3–5 days. These traditional herbal drugs are used as ocular instillations or as an eye bath, and less frequently for face wash (Figure 3). We hypothesized that uses of plants in conjunctivitis could be linked to antiseptic potential, in order to treat the infectious condition, to prevent infection of the injured eye, or to allow conservation of traditional preparations. To test this hypothesis, all plants were harvested in their natural habitats. Aqueous and methanol extracts of dried material were screened for antimicrobial activity, by dilution in solid culture medium, against six bacterial species responsible for ocular infections (Gram-negative bacilli: Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Gram-positive cocci: Enterococcus hirae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis). 52.3% of the extracts and 88.8% of plants inhibited bacterial growth of at least one strain (2 mg/ml, 48 h) (Table 2, Figure 5). Seven extracts were active against all bacteria [methanol extracts of Hibiscus asper (Malvaceae), Hoslundia opposita (Lamiaceae), O. gratissimum, S. mombin, Vitellaria paradoxa (Sapotaceae) and Z. zanthoxyloides (bark); aqueous extracts of Piliostigma thonningii (Fabaceae) and S. mombin]. However, there was no correlation between the displayed spectra and the frequencies of citation, except for O. gratissimum, a readily available species for which the antibacterial potential and safety have been largely studied. In contrast, some poorly cited species are known, or can be suspected, to be toxic, as reported in the literature. From a general point of view, investigation of the benefit/risk ratio of these widespread ocular traditional practices should be pursued for promotion and valorization of safe primary care remedies among the inhabitants of Abidjan.