This paper deals with the combination of radar technology and artificial neural networks (ANN) for the non-destructive evaluation of the water and chloride contents of concrete. Two networks were trained and tested to predict these concrete properties. Input data to the statistical models were extracted from time-domain signals of direct and reflected radar waves. ANN training and testing were implemented according to an experimental database of 100 radar measurements performed on concrete slabs having various water and chloride contents. Both networks were multi-layer-perceptrons trained according to back-propagation algorithm. The results of this research highlight the potential of artificial neural networks for solving the inverse problem of concrete physical evaluation using radar measurements. It was found that the optimized statistical models predicted water and chloride contents of concrete laboratory slabs with maximum absolute errors of about 2% and 0.5 kg/m3 of concrete, respectively.