Soil microbial communities in Mediterranean agroecosystems have to deal with severe drought, followed by heavy rains. Agroforestry systems associating crops and trees may present higher resilience to climate change than conventional cropping systems. The aim of our study was thus to assess i) the impact of an agroforestry system on the resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities to drought and heat stress, and ii) the stoichiometric response of the soil microbial biomass to drought and heat stress. Our hypotheses were that resistance and resilience of microorganisms are greater on the tree row than in the cropped inter-row or in conventional crop, and that drought stress induces microbial biomass C:N:P imbalance. Soils were sampled at several distances from the tree row in a 20-year-old walnut agroforestry system and in contiguous conventional crop in Southern France. We simulated two cycles of drying-rewetting disturbance in lab conditions, for two treatments (drought and combined heat/drought stresses). We monitored microbial respiration along the incubation. Inorganic N and microbial biomass C, N and P were assessed during resistance and resilience periods. Our results showed similar resistance to drought stress whatever the position whereas we found lowest resistance to combined heat/drought stress for those microorganisms located on the tree row. The C:N and C:P ratios strongly increased as a response to both stresses while N:P ratio was only decreased by combined heat/drought stress. One month after the end of combined heat/drought stress, soil microbial functioning was still altered whatever the position.