Herbaceous vegetation of sylvoarable tree rows contributes significantly to soil carbon storage (Cardinael et al. 2015). However, its impact on soil organisms and fertility is poorly studied. It could especially play a significant role in young systems in which the tree influence is limited. We hypothesized that due to the herbaceous vegetation, soil chemical and biological fertility is increased in tree rows and close to them (at 1 m). We sampled two 10 year-old wheat alley-cropping sites of South-West France in spring 2017. We defined three positions: in the herbaceous vegetation of the tree row, at 1m from the tree row and in the middle of the crop alley. In each position, we determined macrofauna density, microbial biomass and respiration and soil C, N and P content. Soil organic carbon and available phosphorus contents were higher in the tree row than in the middle of the crop alley. However, we did not find higher values close to the tree row. Microbial biomass and respiration were higher in the tree row compared to the closest position in the crop alley only, indicating that positions close to the tree row did not benefit from the higher microbial growth and activity observed in the tree row. Soil macrofauna presented different patterns between sites and was more abundant in the tree row than in the crop alley in one site only, especially for saprophages and predators. In addition, some specific taxa of soil macrofauna were present only in the tree rows. This observatory is open for collaboration.