State of the art of control strategies of codling moth, apple scab and brown spot in Europe
Résumé
ENDURE (www.endure-network.eu) is a European Network of Excellence which aims to the reduction of insecticide use in European agriculture, and the identification of gaps of knowledge in pest control science. Among the diverse actions of this network, a survey of the state of the art of control strategies of codling moth, apple scab and brown spot in Europe was conducted. These are 3 key pests of pome fruit production all over Europe, and they are responsible for most of the phytosanitary treatments applied in these crops. The survey was conducted at least in 5 European regions, Rhône Valley (France), The Netherlands, Emilia Romagna (Italy), Lake Constance (Switzerland and Germany), and Lleida (Spain); and in some cases additional regions were surveyed. The survey was carried out by means of a questionnaire for each pest that was filled in by regional experts with close relationship with growers. Questionnaires requested information on monitoring, decision support systems, sanitation practices, use of environmentally friendly products, pesticide resistance management, cultural methods, emerging secondary pests, functional biodiversity, and bottlenecks; all considered basic elements to define a pest control strategy. The results of the survey are shown and discussed regarding specially durability of the strategy, major actual control tools, important bottlenecks, and discrepancy and heterogeneity among regions, for the control of the different pests.