The assessment of the diversity of populations with low abundances in soil, as are most of the aerobic endospore-forming bacteria, is a real challenge in modern studies of microbial ecology. Besides the culture-independent approaches reported in De Vos, Studying the bacterial diversity of the soil by culture-independent approaches. In: Logan NA (ed) Endospore forming soil bacteria (Soil Biology 27). Springer, Heidelberg, 2011, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19577-3, cultivation-based methods are still useful, as they allow the description of novel bacterial species, as well as extensive biological studies and biotechnological exploitation of the isolated strains. The common traditional approach to isolation, through spore selection followed by growth in selective conditions, is a very efficient strategy and can give much information on cultivable populations living in soils and other environments. To enlarge our view of the diversity of endospore-formers in soils, this chapter reviews the use and evaluation of methods with and without spore selection, including immunocapture or selective media in combination with molecular techniques.