Timber tracking of Jacaranda copaia from the Amazon Forest using DNA fingerprinting
Abstract
We investigated the utility of nuclear and cytoplasmic single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for timber tracking of the intensively logged and commercialized Amazonian tree Jacaranda copaia. Eight hundred thir-ty-two trees were sampled (cambium or leaves) from 38 sampling sites in Bolivia, Brazil, French Guiana, and Peru. A total of 128 SNP markers (113 nuclear, 11 chloroplastic, and 4 mitochondrial) were used for genotyping the samples. Bayesian cluster analyses were carried out to group individuals into homogeneous genetic groups for self-assignment tests of groups of indi-viduals or of individuals to their population of origin. Cluster analysis based on all SNP markers detected seven main genetic groups. Genetic differentia-tion was high among populations (0.484) and among genetic groups (0.415), and populations showed a strong isolation-by-distance pattern. Self-assignment test of groups of individual for all loci was able to determine the population origin of all samples (accuracy= 100%). Self-assignment tests of individuals was able to assigin the origin of 94.5–100% of individuals (accuracy: 91.7–100%). Our results show that the use of 128 SNP markers is suitable to correctly determine the origin of J. copaia timber and they should be considered a useful tool for customs and local and international police.
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