Iron distribution and speciation in a 3D-printed hybrid food using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence and X-ray absorption spectroscopies
Abstract
The bioavailability of iron from a food depends on its concentration and chemical form but also on dietary factors and nutrient interactions, which are affected by storage conditions and time. Here we investigated the timecourse profile of iron in a hybrid 3D-printed food composed of alternating layers of liver and lentils after 0, 5, 7, 14 and 21 days of storage at 4 • C under oxygen or nitrogen packaging. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence highlighted major variations in iron distribution in both the animal and plant parts of the food as a function of storage conditions. Fe-P and Fe-S positive spatial correlations pointed to iron-associated compounds. X-ray absorption near-edge structure spectroscopy showed spectral signatures specific to the animal and plant mixtures, and then highlighted interactions between animal and plant parts during food storage, with a change in iron forms in the plant part.
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