8 million phenological and sky images from 29 ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics: the Phenological Eyes Network
Shin Nagai
(1, 2)
,
Tomoko Akitsu
(3)
,
Taku M. Saitoh
(4)
,
Robert C. Busey
(5)
,
Karibu Fukuzawa
(6)
,
Yoshiaki Honda
(7)
,
Tomoaki Ichie
(8)
,
Reiko Ide
(9)
,
Hiroki Ikawa
(10)
,
Akira Iwasaki
(11)
,
Koki Iwao
(12)
,
Koji Kajiwara
(7)
,
Sinkyu Kang
(13)
,
Yongwon Kim
(5)
,
Kho Lip Khoon
(14)
,
Alexander V. Kononov
(15)
,
Yoshiko Kosugi
(16)
,
Takahisa Maeda
(17)
,
Wataru Mamiya
(6)
,
Masayuki Matsuoka
(8)
,
Trofim C. Maximov
(15)
,
Annette Menzel
(18, 19)
,
Tomoaki Miura
(20)
,
Toshie Mizunuma
(21)
,
Tomoki Morozumi
(22)
,
Takeshi Motohka
(23)
,
Hiroyuki Muraoka
(4)
,
Hirohiko Nagano
(5)
,
Taro Nakai
(24)
,
Tatsuro Nakaji
(6)
,
Hiroyuki Oguma
(9)
,
Takeshi Ohta
(25)
,
Keisuke Ono
(10)
,
Runi Anak Sylvester Pungga
(26)
,
Roman E. Petrov
(15)
,
Rei Sakai
(6)
,
Christian Schunk
(18)
,
Seikoh Sekikawa
(27)
,
Ruslan Shakhmatov
(22)
,
Yowhan Son
(28)
,
Atsuko Sugimoto
(6)
,
Rikie Suzuki
(2)
,
Kentaro Takagi
(6)
,
Satoru Takanashi
(29)
,
Shunsuke Tei
(6)
,
Satoshi Tsuchida
(12)
,
Hirokazu Yamamoto
(12)
,
Eri Yamasaki
(30)
,
Megumi Yamashita
(31)
,
Tae Kyung Yoon
(32)
,
Toshiya Yoshida
(6)
,
Mitsunori Yoshimura
(33)
,
Shinpei Yoshitake
(4)
,
Matthew Wilkinson
(34)
,
Lisa Wingate
(35)
,
Kenlo Nishida Nasahara
(3)
1
Research and Development Center for Global Change
2 JAMSTEC - Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
3 Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba
4 Gifu University
5 IARC - International Arctic Research Center
6 Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan]
7 Chiba University
8 Kochi University
9 NIES - National Institute for Environmental Studies
10 Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
11 UTokyo - The University of Tokyo
12 Geological Survey of Japan
13 Kangwon National University
14 Tropical Peat Research Institute
15 RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow]
16 Graduate School of Agriculture
17 AIST - National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
18 IAS - Institute for Advanced Study
19 TUM - Technische Universität Munchen - Technical University Munich - Université Technique de Munich
20 University of Hawaii
21 Department of Botany
22 Graduate School of Environmental Science
23 Earth Observation Research Center
24 Nagoya University
25 Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
26 Forest Department
27 Tamagawa University
28 Korea University [Seoul]
29 FFPRI - Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
30 IEU - Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies
31 Faculty of Agriculture
32 Korea Environment Institute
33 Office of Research and Development -
34 Centre for Sustainable Forestry and Climate Change
35 UMR ISPA - Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère
2 JAMSTEC - Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology
3 Université de Tsukuba = University of Tsukuba
4 Gifu University
5 IARC - International Arctic Research Center
6 Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan]
7 Chiba University
8 Kochi University
9 NIES - National Institute for Environmental Studies
10 Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences
11 UTokyo - The University of Tokyo
12 Geological Survey of Japan
13 Kangwon National University
14 Tropical Peat Research Institute
15 RAS - Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow]
16 Graduate School of Agriculture
17 AIST - National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
18 IAS - Institute for Advanced Study
19 TUM - Technische Universität Munchen - Technical University Munich - Université Technique de Munich
20 University of Hawaii
21 Department of Botany
22 Graduate School of Environmental Science
23 Earth Observation Research Center
24 Nagoya University
25 Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences
26 Forest Department
27 Tamagawa University
28 Korea University [Seoul]
29 FFPRI - Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute
30 IEU - Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies
31 Faculty of Agriculture
32 Korea Environment Institute
33 Office of Research and Development -
34 Centre for Sustainable Forestry and Climate Change
35 UMR ISPA - Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère
Résumé
We report long-term continuous phenological and sky images taken by time-lapse cameras through the Phenological Eyes Network (http://www.pheno-eye.org. Accessed 29 May 2018) in various ecosystems from the Arctic to the tropics. Phenological images are useful in recording the year-to-year variability in the timing of flowering, leaf-flush, leaf-coloring, and leaf-fall and detecting the characteristics of phenological patterns and timing sensitivity among species and ecosystems. They can also help interpret variations in carbon, water, and heat cycling in terrestrial ecosystems, and be used to obtain ground-truth data for the validation of satellite-observed products. Sky images are useful in continuously recording atmospheric conditions and obtaining ground-truth data for the validation of cloud contamination and atmospheric noise present in satellite remote-sensing data. We have taken sky, forest canopy, forest floor, and shoot images of a range of tree species and landscapes, using time-lapse cameras installed on forest floors, towers, and rooftops. In total, 84 time-lapse cameras at 29 sites have taken 8 million images since 1999. Our images provide (1) long-term, continuous detailed records of plant phenology that are more quantitative than in situ visual phenological observations of index trees; (2) basic information to explain the responsiveness, vulnerability, and resilience of ecosystem canopies and their functions and services to changes in climate; and (3) ground-truthing for the validation of satellite remote-sensing observations.