We examined the effects of fire recurrence on a mosaic structure of Quercus suber and Erica-Cistus shrubland communities of Southeastern France in order to improve the understanding of fire-vegetation interplay. Plant communities that were similar in 1959 (woodlands on maquis shrublands on acidic soils) were compared along a gradient of fire recurrence, from 0 to 4 fires, with different time intervals between fires. The results showed that understory cover increased roughly with fire recurrence, whereas tree height, cover, density, stand basal area and litter depth decreased. Different fire recurrences along the past decades led to different vegetation types. High fire recurrence corresponded to maquis and sparse cork-oak woodlands while pure oak woodlands established in the absence of fire during the same period. In all, the diversity of tree diameter decreased whereas shrub diversity increased with fire recurrence. Very high fire recurrence (3 or 4 fires in 50 years) led to a simple vertical structure of vegetation with a mono-layered shrub cover. In contrast, spatial connections between plants were maximal at longer time intervals between, leading to a multi-layered vegetation. We finally discuss the potential implications of past fires on the behaviour of future fires in the perspective of a sustainable management of these Mediterranean ecosystems.