In the field of macroecology, climate- and productivity-related factors are frequently identified as the strongest correlates of species-diversity patterns. These variables describe the action of climate on species, either directly by influencing physiological processes, or indirectly by controlling resource productivity or biomass. Being among the most vulnerable ecosystems to climate change, streams and rivers can experience both types of climate-induced effects and their consequences on communities. Here, we gather recent insights from multi-decadal studies investigating long-term responses of invertebrate communities to climatic and trophic changes in France. On the one hand, stream communities have been directly influenced by long-term hydroclimatic changes with a gradual increase in taxa exhibiting resistance and resilience strategies (e.g, small-sized organisms) at the expense of climate-sensitive taxa (e.g, typical from fast-running, cold waters). This general trend followed a latitudinal gradient supporting the predicted northwards colonisation/migration by Mediterranean species. On the other hand, additional long-term variations in invertebrate communities have been induced by trophic resource changes, either corresponding to a climate-induced trophic amplification, especially in headwaters, or related to water quality improvement. In both cases, trophic processes have promoted specialists of different resource types following either a productivity enhancement or a primary production transfer. As a result, these climatic and trophic changes have concomitantly contributed to the overall long-term increase in functional diversity of invertebrate communities throughout France. Nonetheless, beyond these present trends, invertebrate communities are threaten by the expected future warming due to distribution range contractions of the remaining sensitive taxa and/or competitive exclusions by the colonising tolerant taxa. These insights illustrate whether combining long-term and trait-based approaches can help to disentangle direct, indirect and confounding merged effects of environmental drivers on biological communities, with functional relevance for understanding and predicting community dynamics over broad spatial scales.