Preferred interpersonal distances: A global comparison
Agnieszka Sorokowska
(1)
,
Piotr Sorokowski
(1)
,
Peter Hilpert
(2)
,
Katarzyna Cantarero
(3)
,
Tomasz Frackowiak
(1)
,
Khodabakhsh Ahmadi
(4)
,
Ahmad M. Alghraibeh
(5)
,
Richmond Aryeetey
(6)
,
Anna Bertoni
(7)
,
Karim Bettache
(8)
,
Sheyla Blumen
(9)
,
Marta Błażejewska
(1)
,
Tiago Bortolini
(10, 11)
,
Marina Butovskaya
(12, 13, 14)
,
Felipe Nalon Castro
(15)
,
Hakan Cetinkaya
(16)
,
Diana Cunha
(17)
,
Daniel David
(18)
,
Oana A. David
(18)
,
Fahd A. Dileym
(5)
,
Alejandra del Carmen Domínguez Espinosa
(19)
,
Silvia Donato
(7)
,
Daria Dronova
(12)
,
Seda Dural
(20)
,
Jitka Fialová
(21)
,
Maryanne Fisher
(22)
,
Evrim Gulbetekin
(23)
,
Aslihan Hamamcioğlu Akkaya
(24)
,
Ivana Hromatko
(25)
,
Raffaella Iafrate
(7)
,
Mariana Iesyp
(26)
,
Bawo James
(27)
,
Jelena Jaranovic
(28)
,
Feng Jiang
(29)
,
Charles Obadiah Kimamo
(30)
,
Grete Kjelvik
(31)
,
Firat Koç
(24)
,
Amos Laar
(6)
,
Fívia de Araújo Lopes
(15)
,
Guillermo Macbeth
(32)
,
Nicole M. Marcano
(33)
,
Rocio Martinez
(34)
,
Norbert Mesko
(35)
,
Natalya Molodovskaya
(1)
,
Khadijeh Moradi
(36)
,
Zahrasadat Motahari
(37)
,
Alexandra Mühlhauser
(38)
,
Jean Carlos Natividade
(39)
,
Joseph Ntayi
(40)
,
Elisabeth Oberzaucher
(38)
,
Oluyinka Ojedokun
(41)
,
Mohd Sofian Bin Omar-Fauzee
(42)
,
Ike E. Onyishi
(43)
,
Anna Paluszak
(1)
,
Alda Portugal
(17)
,
Eugenia Razumiejczyk
(32)
,
Anu Realo
(44, 45)
,
Ana Paula Relvas
(17)
,
Maria Rivas
(46)
,
Muhammad Rizwan
(47)
,
Svjetlana Salkičević
(25)
,
Ivan Sarmány-Schuller
(48)
,
Susanne Schmehl
(38)
,
Oksana Senyk
(26)
,
Charlotte Sinding
(49)
,
Eftychia Stamkou
(50)
,
Stanislava Stoyanova
(51)
,
Nina Sutresna
(52)
,
Meri Tadinac
(25)
,
Andero Teras
,
Edna Lúcia Tinoco Ponciano
(53)
,
Ritu Tripathi
(54)
,
Nachiketa Tripathi
(55)
,
Mamta Tripathi
(55)
,
Olja Uhryn
(56)
,
Maria Emília Yamamoto
(15)
,
Gyesook Yoo
(57)
,
John D. Pierce, Jr.
(33)
1
University of Wroclaw
2 University of Washington [Seattle]
3 University of Social Sciences and Humanities
4 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
5 KSU - King Saud University [Riyadh]
6 University of Ghana
7 Unicatt - Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore = Catholic University of the Sacred Heart [Roma]
8 CUHK - The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong]
9 PUCP - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú = Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
10 UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Federal University of Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] = Université fédérale de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
11 D'Or Institute for Research and Education,
12 Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology
13 Russian State University of the Humanities
14 Moscow State University
15 UFRN - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte [Natal]
16 Ankara University
17 Universidade de Coimbra
18 UBB - Babes-Bolyai University [Cluj-Napoca]
19 Universidad Iberoamericana
20 IUE - Izmir University of Economics
21 UK - Univerzita Karlova [Praha, Česká republika] = Charles University [Prague, Czech Republic]
22 Saint Mary's University of Minnesota
23 Akdeniz University
24 CU Sivas - Department of Geology, Cumhuriyet University
25 University of Zagreb
26 Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
27 Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital
28 University of Belgrade
29 Central University of Finance and Economics [Beijing]
30 UoN - University of Nairobi
31 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
32 National University
33 Philadelphia University
34 UGR - Universidad de Granada = University of Granada
35 University of Pecs
36 Razi University
37 USC - University of Science and Culture
38 University of Vienna [Vienna]
39 PUC-Rio - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] = Université catholique pontificale de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
40 MUK - Makerere University Kampala
41 Adekunle Ajasin University
42 UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia
43 university of Nigeria
44 University of Warwick [Coventry]
45 University of Tartu
46 Universidad del Magdalena (COLOMBIA)
47 University of Karachi
48 UKF - Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra
49 TU Dresden - Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology
50 UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] = Universiteit van Amsterdam
51 South-West University "Neofit Rilski"
52 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
53 UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Rio de Janeiro State University [Brazil] = Université d'État de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
54 IIMB - Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
55 IIT Guwahati - Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
56 State University
57 KHU - Kyung Hee University
2 University of Washington [Seattle]
3 University of Social Sciences and Humanities
4 Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences
5 KSU - King Saud University [Riyadh]
6 University of Ghana
7 Unicatt - Università cattolica del Sacro Cuore = Catholic University of the Sacred Heart [Roma]
8 CUHK - The Chinese University of Hong Kong [Hong Kong]
9 PUCP - Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú = Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
10 UFRJ - Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Federal University of Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] = Université fédérale de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
11 D'Or Institute for Research and Education,
12 Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology
13 Russian State University of the Humanities
14 Moscow State University
15 UFRN - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte [Natal]
16 Ankara University
17 Universidade de Coimbra
18 UBB - Babes-Bolyai University [Cluj-Napoca]
19 Universidad Iberoamericana
20 IUE - Izmir University of Economics
21 UK - Univerzita Karlova [Praha, Česká republika] = Charles University [Prague, Czech Republic]
22 Saint Mary's University of Minnesota
23 Akdeniz University
24 CU Sivas - Department of Geology, Cumhuriyet University
25 University of Zagreb
26 Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
27 Federal Neuro-Psychiatric Hospital
28 University of Belgrade
29 Central University of Finance and Economics [Beijing]
30 UoN - University of Nairobi
31 NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology
32 National University
33 Philadelphia University
34 UGR - Universidad de Granada = University of Granada
35 University of Pecs
36 Razi University
37 USC - University of Science and Culture
38 University of Vienna [Vienna]
39 PUC-Rio - Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro [Brazil] = Université catholique pontificale de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
40 MUK - Makerere University Kampala
41 Adekunle Ajasin University
42 UUM - Universiti Utara Malaysia
43 university of Nigeria
44 University of Warwick [Coventry]
45 University of Tartu
46 Universidad del Magdalena (COLOMBIA)
47 University of Karachi
48 UKF - Constantine the Philosopher University in Nitra
49 TU Dresden - Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology
50 UvA - University of Amsterdam [Amsterdam] = Universiteit van Amsterdam
51 South-West University "Neofit Rilski"
52 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
53 UERJ - Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro [Brasil] = Rio de Janeiro State University [Brazil] = Université d'État de Rio de Janeiro [Brésil]
54 IIMB - Indian Institute of Management Bangalore
55 IIT Guwahati - Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
56 State University
57 KHU - Kyung Hee University
Agnieszka Sorokowska
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Piotr Sorokowski
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- ORCID : 0000-0001-9225-9965
Richmond Aryeetey
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Feng Jiang
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- ORCID : 0000-0001-9762-5821
Charlotte Sinding
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Andero Teras
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Résumé
Human spatial behavior has been the focus of hundreds of previous research studies. However, the conclusions and generalizability of previous studies on interpersonal distance preferences were limited by some important methodological and sampling issues. The objective of the present study was to compare preferred interpersonal distances across the world and to overcome the problems observed in previous studies. We present an extensive analysis of interpersonal distances over a large data set (N = 8,943 participants from 42 countries). We attempted to relate the preferred social, personal, and intimate distances observed in each country to a set of individual characteristics of the participants, and some attributes of their cultures. Our study indicates that individual characteristics (age and gender) influence interpersonal space preferences and that some variation in results can be explained by temperature in a given region. We also present objective values of preferred interpersonal distances in different regions, which might be used as a reference data point in future studies.