After a wave of conversion of many fields from extensive cattle farming to cereals or oleaginous crops, in the 90’s, the production of the Pampa got specialized on soybean. This period corresponds to the integration on the market of a new soybean variety resistant to herbicides: the RoundUp Ready soybean. Associated to the use of glyphosate and to the direct sowing practice, soybean production becomes very profitable, technically easy to manage and presents few productive risks (market, climate, pests). Regarding these advantages, a lot of farms integrate this culture in their production range and some get specialized on soybean production. The increasing development of areas dedicated to this crop has negative impacts on the environment (homogeneity of landscapes, sanitation risks, ground degradation…) and affects the organization of the rural territories. This paper aims to highlight the understanding of the process of agricultural specialization of the Pampas and compare it to the agricultural specialization happening in other regions (eg: the specialization on cereals in the Paris Basin), presenting some of the conditions that allowed its development. Some of these conditions lie on the Argentinean economical liberalization, the property/renting deregulation, the development of agricultural policies reinforcing the specialization and on the trends of global markets.