Widespread Phytophthora infestations in European nurseries put forest, semi-natural and horticultural ecosystems at high risk of Phytophthora diseases
T. Jung
(1, 2)
,
L. Orlikowski
(3)
,
B. Henricot
(4)
,
P. Abad-Campos
(5)
,
A. G. Aday
(6)
,
O. Aguín Casal
(7)
,
J. Bakonyi
(8)
,
S. O. Cacciola
(9)
,
T. Cech
(10)
,
D. Chavarriaga
(11)
,
T. Corcobado
(12)
,
A. Cravador
(1)
,
Thibaut Decourcelle
(13)
,
G. Denton
(5)
,
S. Diamandis
(14)
,
H. T. Dogmus-Lehtijarvi
(7)
,
A. Franceschini
(15)
,
B. Ginetti
(16)
,
M. Glavendekić
(17)
,
J. Hantula
(18)
,
G. Hartmann
(19)
,
M. Herrero
(20)
,
D. Ivic
(21)
,
M. Horta Jung
(1)
,
A. Lilja
(18)
,
N. Keca
(17)
,
V. Kramarets
(22)
,
A. Lyubenova
(23)
,
H. Machado
(24)
,
G. Magnano Di San Lio
(9)
,
P. J. Mansilla Vázquez
(7)
,
Benoit Marçais
(25)
,
I. Matsiakh
(26)
,
I. Milenkovic
(17)
,
S. Moricca
(16)
,
Z. A. Nagy
(8)
,
J. Nechwatal
(27)
,
C. Olsson
(28)
,
T. Oszako
(29)
,
A. Pane
(9)
,
E. J. Paplomatas
(30)
,
C. Pintos Varela
(7)
,
S. Prospero
(31)
,
C. Rial Martínez
(7)
,
D. Rigling
(31)
,
Cécile C. Robin
(13)
,
A. Rytkönen
(18)
,
M. E. Sánchez
(32)
,
B. Scanu
(15)
,
A. Schlenzig
(33)
,
J. Schumacher
(34)
,
S. Slavov
(23)
,
A. Solla
(12)
,
E. Sousa
(24)
,
J. Stenlid
(28)
,
V. Talgø
(20)
,
Z. Tomic
(21)
,
P. Tsopelas
(14)
,
A. Vannini
(35)
,
A. M. Vettraino
(35)
,
M. Wenneker
(36)
,
S. Woodward
(11)
,
A. Peréz-Sierra
(37)
,
Marie Laure M. L. Desprez Loustau
(13)
1
UAlg -
Universidade do Algarve
2 Phytophthora Research and Consultancy
3 Research Institute of Horticulture
4 Royal Horticultural Society
5 UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València = Universitad Politecnica de Valencia = Polytechnic University of Valencia
6 Faculty of Forestry
7 EXCMA
8 Plant Protection Institute
9 Unict - Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania
10 Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests Natural Hazards and Landscape
11 Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences
12 UEX - Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura
13 BioGeCo - Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés
14 NAGREF - National Agricultural Research Foundation
15 UNISS - Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari]
16 UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence = Université de Florence
17 Faculty of forestry
18 Vantaa Research Centre
19 Forest Research Institute of Lower Saxony
20 Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research
21 Institute for Plant Protection, Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
22 UNFU - Ukrainian National Forestry University
23 AgroBioInstitute
24 IPIMAR - Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos
25 IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes
26 National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" [Kiev]
27 Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture
28 Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology
29 Forest Research Institute
30 University of Athens
31 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL
32 Universidad de Córdoba = University of Córdoba [Córdoba]
33 Government
34 Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg
35 Université of Tunis
36 WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre
37 Forest Research [Great Britain]
2 Phytophthora Research and Consultancy
3 Research Institute of Horticulture
4 Royal Horticultural Society
5 UPV - Universitat Politècnica de València = Universitad Politecnica de Valencia = Polytechnic University of Valencia
6 Faculty of Forestry
7 EXCMA
8 Plant Protection Institute
9 Unict - Università degli studi di Catania = University of Catania
10 Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests Natural Hazards and Landscape
11 Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences
12 UEX - Universidad de Extremadura - University of Extremadura
13 BioGeCo - Biodiversité, Gènes & Communautés
14 NAGREF - National Agricultural Research Foundation
15 UNISS - Università degli Studi di Sassari = University of Sassari [Sassari]
16 UniFI - Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence = Université de Florence
17 Faculty of forestry
18 Vantaa Research Centre
19 Forest Research Institute of Lower Saxony
20 Bioforsk - Norwegian Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research
21 Institute for Plant Protection, Croatian Centre for Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs
22 UNFU - Ukrainian National Forestry University
23 AgroBioInstitute
24 IPIMAR - Instituto Nacional de Recursos Biológicos
25 IAM - Interactions Arbres-Microorganismes
26 National Technical University of Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" [Kiev]
27 Bavarian State Institute for Agriculture
28 Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology
29 Forest Research Institute
30 University of Athens
31 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL
32 Universidad de Córdoba = University of Córdoba [Córdoba]
33 Government
34 Forest Research Institute Baden-Württemberg - Forstliche Versuchs- und Forschungsanstalt Baden-Württemberg
35 Université of Tunis
36 WUR - Wageningen University and Research Centre
37 Forest Research [Great Britain]
T. Jung
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 760595
- ORCID : 0000-0002-2651-1293
Benoit Marçais
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 734654
- IdHAL : benoit-marcais
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8107-644X
- IdRef : 144714698
Cécile C. Robin
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 745786
- IdHAL : cecile-robin
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8145-245X
- IdRef : 163688303
Résumé
An analysis of incidence of Phytophthora spp. in 732 European nurseries producing forest transplants, larger specimen trees, landscape plants and ornamentals, plus 2525 areas in which trees and shrubs were planted, is presented based on work conducted by 37 research groups in 23 European countries between 1972 and 2013. Forty-nine Phytophthora taxa were recorded in 670 nurseries (91.5%); within these nurseries, 1614 of 1992 nursery stands (81.0%) were infested, although most affected plants appeared healthy. In forest and landscape plantings, 56 Phytophthora taxa were recovered from 1667 of 2525 tested sites (66.0%). Affected plants frequently showed symptoms such as crown thinning, chlorosis and dieback caused by extensive fine root losses and/or collar rot. Many well-known highly damaging host–Phytophthora combinations were frequently detected but 297 and 407 new Phytophthora–host associations were also observed in nurseries and plantings, respectively. On average, 1.3 Phytophthora species/taxa per infested nursery stand and planting site were isolated. At least 47 of the 68 Phytophthora species/taxa detected in nurseries and plantings were exotic species several of which are considered well established in both nurseries and plantings in Europe. Seven known Phytophthora species/taxa were found for the first time in Europe, while 10 taxa had not been previously recorded from nurseries or plantings; in addition, 5 taxa were first detections on woody plant species. Seven Phytophthora taxa were previously unknown to science. The reasons for these failures of plant biosecurity in Europe, implications for forest and semi-natural ecosystems and possible ways to improve biosecurity are discussed.