Convergent losses of decay mechanisms and rapid turnover of symbiosis genes in mycorrhizal mutualists
2 JGI - Joint Genome Institute
3 MTA - Hungarian Academy of Sciences
4 Department of Biology
5 Department of Soil Ecology
6 iDiv - German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research
7 Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group
8 Centre for Environmental Sciences
9 Departamento de Microbiologia
10 LEM - Laboratoire d'Ecologie Microbienne - UMR 5557
11 Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology [University of Turin]
12 AFMB - Architecture et fonction des macromolécules biologiques
13 Department of Biological Sciences
14 Department of Biosciences
15 Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology
16 Department of Organismic Interactions [Marburg]
17 Department of Ecology, Biology/Chemistry, Botany,
18 Harvard Forest
19 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL
20 Universität zu Köln = University of Cologne
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Résumé
To elucidate the genetic bases of mycorrhizal lifestyle evolution, we sequenced new fungal genomes, including 13 ectomycorrhizal (ECM), orchid (ORM) and ericoid (ERM) species, and five saprotrophs, which we analyzed along with other fungal genomes. Ectomycorrhizal fungi have a reduced complement of genes encoding plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs), as compared to their ancestral wood decayers. Nevertheless, they have retained a unique array of PCWDEs, thus suggesting that they possess diverse abilities to decompose lignocellulose. Similar functional categories of nonorthologous genes are induced in symbiosis. Of induced genes, 7-38% are orphan genes, including genes that encode secreted effector-like proteins. Convergent evolution of the mycorrhizal habit in fungi occurred via the repeated evolution of a 'symbiosis toolkit', with reduced numbers of PCWDEs and lineage-specific suites of mycorrhiza-induced genes.
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