This paper explains that no-tillage agricultural methods initially developed in North America to limit soil erosion are presently diversified with an important extension throughout the world and particularly in Europe. With a recent development of no tillage systems in France, around 50% of winter cereals are concerned, involving a need for a new examination of agricultural systems. This paper is an introduction for three others concerning no-tillage effects on soil structure, weed management and balances of energy and greenhouse gas emissions in cropping systems.