Information on the adaptation of germplasm pools to specific agroclimatic conditions is essential for ensuring high genetic progress while broadening the genetic base of breeding programmes. This study aimed to provide an ecological classification of global white lupin (Lupinus albus L.) landrace genetic resources on the basis of their adaptation pattern, verifying whether region of origin could conveniently contribute to such a classification. Some 113 landraces representing 11 regional pools were evaluated in three major agroclimatic conditions, i.e., Mediterranean and subcontinental climate in Italy under autumn sowing, and suboceanic climate in France under spring sowing. The classification of regional pools by pattern analysis suggested the presence of five major ecological groups composed as follows: A = Azores, Greece and Italy; B = Madeira and Canaries; C = Maghreb, Portugal and Spain; D = East Africa, Egypt and West Asia; and E = Turkey. This classification implied specific adaptation ranging from the cold-prone, autumn-sown environment (group A) to the spring-sown environment (groups D and E). Ecological grouping accounted for about half of the overall genotypic variation and genotype x environment interaction variation in just 3.6% of its degrees of freedom in an analysis of variance. It reflected largely the entry groups issued by pattern analysis classification of the individual accessions. Our classification of ecological groups can drive the incorporation of exotic genetic resources in European breeding programmes as a function of the targeted agroclimatic conditions. In addition, it can contribute to the definition of global or user-specific core collections.