The paper presents the consequences of the climate change on the forests of the Mediterranean basin, in relation to the ecology and management of populations of insect herbivores. Climate warming may have consequences on forest tree composition, modifying the structure of the ecosystems and then the susceptibility to monophagous/polyphagous herbivores, as well as on the tree quality, affecting indirectly the performance of the insect populations. Several options are given for the future of pest management in Mediterranean forests