Genome expansion and gene loss in powdery mildew fungi reveal tradeoffs in extreme parasitism
2 BIOGER - BIOlogie et GEstion des Risques en agriculture
3 University of Exeter
4 MPIPZ - Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research
5 John Innes Centre [Norwich]
6 University of Oxford
7 Sch Biosci
8 Dept Life Sci
9 UOR - University of Reading
10 Dept Plant Pathol & Plant Microbe Biol
11 Grape Genet Res Unit
12 MAP - Microbiologie, adaptation et pathogénie
13 INRA - Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique
14 UCPH - Københavns Universitet = University of Copenhagen = Université de Copenhague
15 URGI - Unité de Recherche Génomique Info
16 MPI-MP - Max Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology
17 Inst Plant Biol
18 UPM - Universidad Politécnica de Madrid
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 176428
- IdHAL : przemyslaw-bidzinski
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6057-2575
- IdRef : 137564295
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1205099
- ORCID : 0000-0001-8152-6642
- IdRef : 115628347
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 735957
- IdHAL : claire-hoede
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5054-7731
- IdRef : 150138237
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 753024
- IdHAL : jonathan-kreplak
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5563-1932
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 1206641
- IdHAL : richard-oconnell
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5358-6143
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 736048
- IdHAL : hadi-quesneville
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3001-4908
- IdRef : 137542860
Résumé
Powdery mildews are phytopathogens whose growth and reproduction are entirely dependent on living plant cells. The molecular basis of this life-style, obligate biotrophy, remains unknown. We present the genome analysis of barley powdery mildew, Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei (Blumeria), as well as a comparison with the analysis of two powdery mildews pathogenic on dicotyledonous plants. These genomes display massive retrotransposon proliferation, genome-size expansion, and gene losses. The missing genes encode enzymes of primary and secondary metabolism, carbohydrate-active enzymes, and transporters, probably reflecting their redundancy in an exclusively biotrophic life-style. Among the 248 candidate effectors of pathogenesis identified in the Blumeria genome, very few (less than 10) define a core set conserved in all three mildews, suggesting that most effectors represent species-specific adaptations.