Orientation of the immune response toward Th1, Th2, Th17 or Treg plays all important role in self-tolerance and defence against pathogens and tumors. However, this orientation has not been fully characterised in the pig and little is known about the influence of maturation stimulus Oil the capacity of dendritic cells selectively to direct different types of Th cell responses. Dendritic cell (DC) Maturation Call be induced by different agents such as inflammatory cytokines, TLR ligands and CD40L. However, the role of the latter in the maturation of pig DC has never been reported. In this study we analysed how different maturation agents influence the capacity of DC to skew the immune response. Monocyte-derived porcine DCs were matured with human CD40L-transfected L-cells, Lipopolysaccharide (LIPS) alone or LIPS in combination with Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF alpha) and interferon-alpha (IFN alpha). We found that human CD40L induced DC maturation characterised by increased expression of co-stimulatory CD80/86 molecules, high production of IL-12p40 in DC and induction of IFN-gamma and t-bet mRNA in T cells, suggesting a Th I orientation. Moreover we report for the first time the appearance of CD25 after activation of porcine DC. Futhermore, DC activated with TNF + LPS + IFN showed the highest allo-stimulatory capacity of allogeneic lymphocytes and induced IL-17 mRNA in T lymphocytes, Suggesting a Th17 orientation that has never been previously reported in the pig. We also showed that immature DCs did not produce any IL-10 or IL-12 and induced both GATA-3 and IL-13 transcription in allogeneic MLR Suggesting a Th2 orientation. This study therefore underlines that the nature of the stimulus Strongly influences the capacity of DC to steer the immune response in the pig. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.