The recent and rapid advancements of digital technologies, as well as the progress of digital cameras and other various connected objects have resulted in a great increase of multimedia data production worldwide. Such data becomes more and more crucial for understanding environmental issues and phenomena, such as the greenhouse effect, global warming and biodiversity loss. Therefore, there is an increasing need for the development of advanced methods, techniques and tools for collecting, managing, analyzing and understanding environmental and biodiversity data. The goal of this introductory chapter is to give a global picture of that domain and to overview the research works presented in this book.