Proof of the interdependence between business and the environmental benefits of maintaining water resources in a good state has led to a shift from an individualized management of water (The user acts in pursuit of his own goals and interests) to a collective management with the aim of reaping global benefits from the maintenance (or supply) of one or more “environmental services”. The use of market mechanisms, such as the “payment pour environmental services” (PSE), is intended to encourage a decision-making that is not just based on the economic value of these services (or the cost of losing them) but should also lead to forms of governance adapted to the environmental issues in each geographical area concerned. The PSE is a financial instrument for stimulating changes of behavior among those at the origin of environmental degradation. In France, a first experiment with the PSE (conducted by the mineral water company Vittel) has brought to light the needs and risks related to implementing this mechanism.