This Special Issue highlights new contributions on the role of agroforestry systems for climate change mitigation and adaptation in different pedoclimatic contexts. This Special Issue was launched during the 4th World Congress on Agroforestry (https://agroforestry2019.cirad.fr/) held in Montpellier, France, 20–22 May 2019. This event gathered more than 1200 delegates and leading keynote speakers from 97 countries (Dupraz et al., 2019). Of the 82 articles received, 14 were considered for publication in this Special Issue, including several articles not presented during the congress. This Special Issue includes eight articles on climate change mitigation through agroforestry, and 6 articles on climate change adaptation (Table 1). Research results presented in this Special Issue cover 10 different countries (plus two papers with a global perspective) encompassing a broad range of agroforestry systems, including shaded perennial-crop systems, agroforests, silvopastures, parklands, hedgerows, and riparian systems.