Effects of selection for reproductive traits were estimated using data from 3 pig lines derived from the same Large White population base. Two lines were selected for 6 generations on high ovulation rate at puberty (OR line) or high prenatal survival corrected for ovulation rate in the first 2 parities (PS line). The third line was an unselected control line. Genetic parameters for age and BW at puberty (AP and WP); number of piglets born alive, weaned, and nurtured (NBA, NW, and NN, respectively); proportions of stillbirth (PSB) and survival from birth to weaning (PSW); litter and average piglet BW at birth (LWB and AWB), at 21 d (LW21 and AW21), and at weaning (LWW and AWW) were estimated using REML methodology. Heritability estimates were 0.38 ± 0.03, 0.46 ± 0.03, 0.16 ± 0.01, 0.08 ± 0.01, 0.09 ± 0.01, 0.04 ± 0.01, 0.04 ± 0.02, 0.19 ± 0.02, 0.10 ± 0.02, 0.10 ± 0.02, 0.36 ± 0.02, 0.27 ± 0.01, and 0.24 ± 0.01 for AP, WP, NBA, PSB, NW, NN, PSW, LWB, LW21, LWW, AWB, AW21, and AWW, respectively. The measures of litter size showed strong genetic correlations (ra ≥ 0.95) and had antagonistic relations with PSB (ra = −0.59 to −0.75) and average piglet BW (ra = −0.19 to −0.46). They also had strongpositive genetic correlations with prenatal survival (ra = 0.67 to 0.78) and moderate ones with ovulation rate (ra = 0.36 to 0.42). Correlations of litter size with PSW were negative at birth but positive at weaning. The OR and PS lines were negatively related to PSW and average piglet BW. Puberty traits had positive genetic correlations with OR and negative ones with PS. Genetic trends were estimated by computing differences between OR or PS and control lines at each generation using least squares and mixed model methodologies. Average genetic trends were computed by regressing line differences on generation number. Significant (P < 0.05) average genetic trends were obtained in OR and PS lines for AP (respectively, 2.1 ± 0.9 and 3.2 ± 1.0 d/ generation) and WP (respectively, 2.0 ± 0.5 and 1.8 ± 0.5 d/generation) and in the PS line for NBA (0.22 ± 0.10 piglet/generation). Tendencies (P < 0.10) were also observed for LWB(0.21 ± 0.12 kg/generation) andAWW (−0.25 ± 0.14 kg/generation) in the PS line. Selection on components of litter size can be used to improve litter size at birth, but result in undesirable trends for preweaning survival.