PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to describe vitreoretinal surgery activity and vitreoretinal surgeons in private or public practice in metropolitan France over the year 2016 to anticipate surgical training needs. METHODS: Patients aged ≥20 years who had undergone vitreoretinal surgery, alone or combined with cataract surgery were included using the French National Healthcare system database. For surgery performed by ophthalmologists carrying out ≥50 procedures during the year, the incidence per 100 000 of population ≥ 20 years of age, the number and mean age of surgeons and the number of surgeons aged >55 years were calculated. RESULTS: Overall, 57 947 posterior segment surgical procedures were included, 40% in the public sector and 49% in the private sector for private surgeons and/or public centres performing ≥50 procedures/year. The remaining 11% of procedures were from private surgeons and/or public centres performing <50 procedures/year. The analysis included 356 surgeons with a mean age of 41 ± 10 years (39% female) in the public sector and 47 ± 10 years (14% female) in the private sector. The majority of urgent surgery was for retinal detachment (n = 30 290 [52% of total surgical procedures]). Scheduled surgery involved surgery for macular holes and epiretinal membranes (n = 16 454 [28% of total surgical procedures]). Combined vitrectomy-phacoemulsification surgery (n = 10 120) represented 17% of all vitreoretinal surgery. University regions with the fewest surgeons and regions with surgeons >55 years of age were identified, to anticipate the training need for new surgeons. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated disparities in the geographic distribution of vitreoretinal surgery in France and identified regions that need increased training capacities to ensure a sufficient number of surgeons.