PURPOSE: To report the incidence of postoperative rhegmatogenous retinal detachment after macular surgery in France between 2006 and 2016 and identify associated factors. DESIGN: Nationwide population-based cohort study. METHODS: All surgical procedures for an epiretinal membrane or a macular hole performed in France from January 1, 2006 to October 31, 2016 were identified in the French national administrative database (Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information). We investigated the incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurring within 90 days of a macular surgical procedure. RESULTS: From January 1, 2006 to October 31, 2016, 152,034 macular surgical procedures for epiretinal membranes or macular holes were recorded in France. We identified 3,605 cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment occurring within 90 days of the procedure. The incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was 2.37% overall, 1.95% for epiretinal membrane surgery and 3.43% for macular hole surgery. In multivariable Poisson regression analysis, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment was associated with macular hole surgery (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 1.76; 95% CI, 1.63-1.90; P < .001), history of cataract extraction in the previous year (IRR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.08-1.34; P = .001), age < 60 years (P < .001), and male gender (IRR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.51-1.76; P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment within 90 days of macular surgery was 2.37% overall in France between 2006 and 2016 and it was higher for macular hole surgery than for epiretinal membrane surgery.