The quest for successful Atlantic salmon restoration: perspectives, priorities, and maxims
Robert J Lennox
(1, 2)
,
Carlos M Alexandre
(3, 4)
,
Pedro R Almeida
(5)
,
Kevin B Bailey
(6)
,
Bjørn T Barlaup
(1, 2)
,
Kristin Bøe
(7)
,
André Breukelaar
(8)
,
Jaakko Erkinaro
(9)
,
Torbjørn Forseth
(10)
,
Sven-Erik Gabrielsen
(1, 2)
,
Edmund Halfyard
(11)
,
Erlend M Hanssen
(1, 2)
,
Sten Karlsson
(10)
,
Stephanie Koch
(1, 2)
,
Anders Koed
(12)
,
Roy M Langåker
(13)
,
Håvard Lo
(7)
,
Martyn C Lucas
(14, 15)
,
Shad Mahlum
(1, 2)
,
Charles Perrier
(16)
,
Ulrich Pulg
(1, 2)
,
Timothy Sheehan
(17)
,
Helge Skoglund
(1, 2)
,
Martin Svenning
(10)
,
Eva B Thorstad
(10)
,
Gaute Velle
(1, 2, 18)
,
Frederick G Whoriskey
(19, 20)
,
Knut Wiik Vollset
(1, 2)
1
NORCE -
Norwegian Research Center
2 LFI - Laboratorium for ferskvannsøkologi og innlandsfiske
3 University of Évora [Portugal]
4 MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre [Portugal]
5 NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
6 NMFS - NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service
7 Norwegian Veterinary Institute [Oslo]
8 Rijkswaterstaat [Delft]
9 LUKE - Natural Resources Institute Finland
10 NINA - Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
11 NSSALMON - Nova Scotia Salmon Association
12 DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources
13 Norwegian Environmental Agency
14 Durham University
15 Department of Biosciences
16 UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations
17 NEFSC - Northeast Fisheries Science Center
18 BIO / UiB - Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen]
19 Dalhousie University [Halifax]
20 Ocean Tracking network
2 LFI - Laboratorium for ferskvannsøkologi og innlandsfiske
3 University of Évora [Portugal]
4 MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre [Portugal]
5 NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
6 NMFS - NOAA National Marine Fisheries Service
7 Norwegian Veterinary Institute [Oslo]
8 Rijkswaterstaat [Delft]
9 LUKE - Natural Resources Institute Finland
10 NINA - Norwegian Institute for Nature Research
11 NSSALMON - Nova Scotia Salmon Association
12 DTU Aqua, National Institute of Aquatic Resources
13 Norwegian Environmental Agency
14 Durham University
15 Department of Biosciences
16 UMR CBGP - Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations
17 NEFSC - Northeast Fisheries Science Center
18 BIO / UiB - Department of Biological Sciences [Bergen]
19 Dalhousie University [Halifax]
20 Ocean Tracking network
Robert J Lennox
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 807470
- ORCID : 0000-0003-1010-0577
Charles Perrier
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 736358
- IdHAL : charles-perrier
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5820-9374
- IdRef : 155818694
Martin Svenning
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 819653
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8276-9686
Eva B Thorstad
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 819654
- ORCID : 0000-0002-7373-6380
Knut Wiik Vollset
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 819655
- ORCID : 0000-0003-0210-4316
Résumé
Atlantic salmon is often a focal species of restoration efforts throughout the north Atlantic and it is therefore an excellent case study for how best to design programmes to address and mitigate threats and correct population declines. This perspective is written to promote the work that has been accomplished towards restoration of Atlantic salmon populations and synthesize how we believe the lessons can be used effectively to support efforts by management agencies to restore populations. We reviewed where restoration is needed for Atlantic salmon, agreed on definitions for three levels of successful restoration, and then applied these criteria to 49 published papers focused on Atlantic salmon restoration. We identified 16 successful examples of restoration among 49 papers reviewed and discussed what interventions led to success versus failure. We then addressed key questions about when hatchery stocking should be used as part of a restoration measure and whether local restoration efforts are enough when these wide-ranging species encounter broad-scale changes in the north Atlantic, specifically related to issues of climate change and to marine survival. We advise to avoid restoration as much as possible by protecting and managing existing populations and when restoration is necessary, problems should be identified and addressed in partnership with river users. With appropriate resources and research to resolve ongoing mysteries, restoration of lost Atlantic salmon populations is absolutely feasible.