In Europe, Conservation Agriculture is currently challenged by higher weed pressure, potential glyphosate ban and reduced crop yield. The introduction of strategic tillage could be a viable option to diversify selection pressures on weeds and increase crop yield. Three types of fallow management (ploughing (CT), reduced tillage (RT), no-till with glyphosate (NT)) were compared on four fields after 17 years of no-plough, which ended with 7 years of NT. Weed density, weed composition, crop productivity and yield components were assessed in the following winter wheat. The reintegration of tillage after 17 years of Conservation Agriculture proved to be a major driver of weed communities before weeding (density, richness and composition). Weed density and species richness before weeding was greatest in RT, intermediate in CT and lowest in NT. Density of Alopecurus myosuroides, the most problematic weed of the experiment was higher in RT than in CT or NT. Differences in weed community composition were discussed in terms of weed seed longevity and weed seed movements associated to RT and CT. The number of grains per ear and crop yield increased with tillage intensity (+11% for RT, +31% for CT). Specific weight and protein content were not affected by tillage treatments. Differences in winter wheat productivity were possibly related to enhanced soil structure and increased mineralization of soil organic matter. Strategic ploughing could be a viable solution to manage herbicide-resistant weeds in no-till cropping systems. Potential benefits will depend on the density and composition of the newly upwelled weed seedbank.