Integrated global assessment of the natural forest carbon potential
Lidong Mo
(1)
,
Constantin M Zohner
(1)
,
Peter B Reich
(2, 3)
,
Jingjing Liang
(4)
,
Sergio de Miguel
(5)
,
Gert-Jan Nabuurs
(6)
,
Susanne S Renner
(7)
,
Johan van den Hoogen
(1)
,
Arnan Araza
(6)
,
Martin Herold
(8)
,
Leila Mirzagholi
(1)
,
Haozhi Ma
(1)
,
Colin Averill
(1)
,
Oliver L Phillips
(9)
,
Javier G P Gamarra
(10)
,
Iris Hordijk
(1)
,
Devin Routh
(11)
,
Meinrad Abegg
(12)
,
Yves C Adou Yao
(13)
,
Giorgio Alberti
(14)
,
Angelica M Almeyda Zambrano
,
Braulio Vilchez Alvarado
,
Esteban Alvarez-Dávila
,
Patricia Alvarez-Loayza
,
Luciana F Alves
,
Iêda Amaral
,
Christian Ammer
,
Clara Antón-Fernández
,
Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
,
Luzmila Arroyo
,
Valerio Avitabile
,
Gerardo A Aymard
,
Timothy R Baker
,
Radomir Bałazy
,
Olaf Banki
,
Jorcely G Barroso
,
Meredith L Bastian
,
Jean-Francois Bastin
,
Luca Birigazzi
,
Philippe Birnbaum
(15, 16, 17)
,
Robert Bitariho
,
Pascal Boeckx
,
Frans Bongers
,
Olivier Bouriaud
,
Pedro H S Brancalion
,
Susanne Brandl
,
Francis Q Brearley
,
Roel Brienen
,
Eben N Broadbent
,
Helge Bruelheide
,
Filippo Bussotti
,
Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
,
Ricardo G César
,
Goran Cesljar
,
Robin L Chazdon
,
Han Chen
,
Chelsea Chisholm
,
Hyunkook Cho
,
Emil Cienciala
,
Connie Clark
,
David Clark
,
Gabriel D Colletta
,
David A Coomes
,
Fernando Cornejo Valverde
,
José J Corral-Rivas
,
Philip M Crim
,
Jonathan R Cumming
,
Selvadurai Dayanandan
,
André L de Gasper
,
Mathieu Decuyper
,
Géraldine Derroire
,
Ben Devries
,
Ilija Djordjevic
,
Jiri Dolezal
,
Aurélie Dourdain
,
Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang
,
Brian J Enquist
,
Teresa J Eyre
,
Adandé Belarmain Fandohan
,
Tom M Fayle
,
Ted R Feldpausch
,
Leandro V Ferreira
,
Leena Finér
,
Markus Fischer
,
Christine Fletcher
,
Lorenzo Frizzera
,
Damiano Gianelle
,
Henry B Glick
,
David J Harris
,
Andrew Hector
,
Andreas Hemp
,
Geerten Hengeveld
,
Bruno Hérault
(18)
,
John L Herbohn
,
Annika Hillers
,
Eurídice N Honorio Coronado
,
Cang Hui
,
Thomas Ibanez
(15)
,
Nobuo Imai
,
Andrzej M Jagodziński
,
Bogdan Jaroszewicz
,
Vivian Kvist Johannsen
,
Carlos A Joly
,
Tommaso Jucker
,
Ilbin Jung
,
Viktor Karminov
,
Kuswata Kartawinata
,
Elizabeth Kearsley
,
David Kenfack
,
Deborah K Kennard
,
Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
,
Gunnar Keppel
(19)
,
Mohammed Latif Khan
,
Timothy J Killeen
,
Hyun Seok Kim
,
Kanehiro Kitayama
,
Michael Köhl
,
Henn Korjus
,
Florian Kraxner
,
Dmitry Kucher
,
Diana Laarmann
,
Mait Lang
,
Huicui Lu
,
Natalia V Lukina
,
Brian S Maitner
,
Yadvinder Malhi
,
Eric Marcon
(15, 20)
,
Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
,
Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
,
Andrew R Marshall
,
Emanuel H Martin
,
Jorge A Meave
,
Omar Melo-Cruz
,
Casimiro Mendoza
,
Irina Mendoza-Polo
,
Stanislaw Miscicki
,
Cory Merow
,
Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
,
Vanessa S Moreno
,
Sharif A Mukul
,
Philip Mundhenk
,
María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda
,
David Neill
,
Victor J Neldner
,
Radovan V Nevenic
,
Michael R Ngugi
,
Pascal A Niklaus
,
Jacek Oleksyn
,
Petr Ontikov
,
Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi
,
Yude Pan
,
Alain Paquette
,
Alexander Parada-Gutierrez
,
Elena I Parfenova
,
Minjee Park
,
Marc Parren
,
Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy
,
Pablo L Peri
,
Sebastian Pfautsch
,
Nicolas Picard
,
Maria Teresa F. Piedade
,
Daniel Piotto
,
Nigel C A Pitman
,
Axel Dalberg Poulsen
,
John R Poulsen
,
Hans Pretzsch
,
Freddy Ramirez Arevalo
,
Zorayda Restrepo-Correa
,
Mirco Rodeghiero
,
Samir G Rolim
,
Anand Roopsind
,
Francesco Rovero
,
Ervan Rutishauser
,
Purabi Saikia
,
Christian Salas-Eljatib
,
Philippe Saner
,
Peter Schall
,
Mart-Jan Schelhaas
,
Dmitry Schepaschenko
,
Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
,
Bernhard Schmid
,
Jochen Schöngart
,
Eric B Searle
,
Vladimír Seben
,
Josep M Serra-Diaz
,
Douglas Sheil
,
Anatoly Z Shvidenko
,
Javier E Silva-Espejo
,
Marcos Silveira
,
James Singh
,
Plinio Sist
,
Ferry Slik
,
Bonaventure Sonké
,
Alexandre F Souza
,
Krzysztof J Stereńczak
,
Jens-Christian Svenning
,
Miroslav Svoboda
,
Ben Swanepoel
,
Natalia Targhetta
,
Nadja Tchebakova
,
Hans ter Steege
,
Raquel Thomas
,
Elena Tikhonova
,
Peter M Umunay
,
Vladimir A Usoltsev
,
Renato Valencia
,
Fernando Valladares
,
Fons van der Plas
,
Tran van Do
,
Michael E van Nuland
,
Rodolfo M Vasquez
,
Hans Verbeeck
,
Helder Viana
,
Alexander C Vibrans
,
Simone Vieira
,
Klaus von Gadow
,
Hua-Feng Wang
,
James V Watson
,
Gijsbert D A Werner
,
Susan K Wiser
,
Florian Wittmann
,
Hannsjoerg Woell
,
Verginia Wortel
,
Roderik Zagt
,
Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki
,
Chunyu Zhang
,
Xiuhai Zhao
,
Mo Zhou
,
Zhi-Xin Zhu
,
Irie C Zo-Bi
,
George D Gann
,
Thomas W Crowther
(1)
1
IBZ -
Institute for Integrative Biology [Zürich]
2 UMN - University of Minnesota [Twin Cities]
3 Western Sydney University
4 Purdue University [West Lafayette]
5 Universitat de Lleida
6 WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]
7 Central Washington University
8 GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam
9 University of Leeds
10 FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie]
11 UZH - Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich
12 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL
13 UFHB - Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny [Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire]
14 Università degli Studi di Udine - University of Udine [Italie]
15 UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations
16 Cirad-BIOS - Département Systèmes Biologiques
17 IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien
18 UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés
19 University of South Australia [Adelaide]
20 UMR ECOFOG - Ecologie des forêts de Guyane
2 UMN - University of Minnesota [Twin Cities]
3 Western Sydney University
4 Purdue University [West Lafayette]
5 Universitat de Lleida
6 WUR - Wageningen University and Research [Wageningen]
7 Central Washington University
8 GFZ - German Research Centre for Geosciences - Helmholtz-Centre Potsdam
9 University of Leeds
10 FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [Rome, Italie]
11 UZH - Universität Zürich [Zürich] = University of Zurich
12 Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL
13 UFHB - Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny [Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire]
14 Università degli Studi di Udine - University of Udine [Italie]
15 UMR AMAP - Botanique et Modélisation de l'Architecture des Plantes et des Végétations
16 Cirad-BIOS - Département Systèmes Biologiques
17 IAC - Institut Agronomique Néo-Calédonien
18 UPR Forêts et Sociétés - Forêts et Sociétés
19 University of South Australia [Adelaide]
20 UMR ECOFOG - Ecologie des forêts de Guyane
Lidong Mo
- Function : Author
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- ORCID : 0000-0003-3805-7638
Constantin M Zohner
- Function : Author
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Peter B Reich
- Function : Author
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Jingjing Liang
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 801651
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Sergio de Miguel
- Function : Author
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Gert-Jan Nabuurs
- Function : Author
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Susanne S Renner
- Function : Author
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Martin Herold
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Haozhi Ma
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Colin Averill
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Oliver L Phillips
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Javier G P Gamarra
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Devin Routh
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Giorgio Alberti
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Angelica M Almeyda Zambrano
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Braulio Vilchez Alvarado
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Esteban Alvarez-Dávila
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Patricia Alvarez-Loayza
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Luciana F Alves
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Iêda Amaral
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Christian Ammer
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Clara Antón-Fernández
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Alejandro Araujo-Murakami
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Luzmila Arroyo
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Valerio Avitabile
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Gerardo A Aymard
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Timothy R Baker
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Radomir Bałazy
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Olaf Banki
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Jorcely G Barroso
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Meredith L Bastian
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Jean-Francois Bastin
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Luca Birigazzi
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Philippe Birnbaum
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Robert Bitariho
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Pascal Boeckx
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Frans Bongers
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Olivier Bouriaud
- Function : Author
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Pedro H S Brancalion
- Function : Author
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- ORCID : 0000-0001-8245-4062
Susanne Brandl
- Function : Author
Francis Q Brearley
- Function : Author
Roel Brienen
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1257378
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5397-5755
Eben N Broadbent
- Function : Author
Helge Bruelheide
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 774759
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3135-0356
Filippo Bussotti
- Function : Author
Roberto Cazzolla Gatti
- Function : Author
Ricardo G César
- Function : Author
Goran Cesljar
- Function : Author
Robin L Chazdon
- Function : Author
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- IdRef : 078793297
Han Chen
- Function : Author
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Chelsea Chisholm
- Function : Author
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- ORCID : 0000-0002-7739-0508
Hyunkook Cho
- Function : Author
Emil Cienciala
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 769804
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1254-4254
Connie Clark
- Function : Author
David Clark
- Function : Author
Gabriel D Colletta
- Function : Author
David A Coomes
- Function : Author
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- ORCID : 0000-0002-8261-2582
Fernando Cornejo Valverde
- Function : Author
José J Corral-Rivas
- Function : Author
Philip M Crim
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1277908
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5039-4306
Jonathan R Cumming
- Function : Author
Selvadurai Dayanandan
- Function : Author
André L de Gasper
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Mathieu Decuyper
- Function : Author
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Géraldine Derroire
- Function : Author
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Ben Devries
- Function : Author
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Ilija Djordjevic
- Function : Author
Jiri Dolezal
- Function : Author
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Aurélie Dourdain
- Function : Author
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Nestor Laurier Engone Obiang
- Function : Author
Brian J Enquist
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1194874
- ORCID : 0000-0002-6124-7096
Teresa J Eyre
- Function : Author
Adandé Belarmain Fandohan
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1277910
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8426-6839
Tom M Fayle
- Function : Author
Ted R Feldpausch
- Function : Author
Leandro V Ferreira
- Function : Author
Leena Finér
- Function : Author
Markus Fischer
- Function : Author
- PersonId : 1172719
- ORCID : 0000-0002-5589-5900
Christine Fletcher
- Function : Author
Lorenzo Frizzera
- Function : Author
Damiano Gianelle
- Function : Author
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- ORCID : 0000-0001-7697-5793
Henry B Glick
- Function : Author
David J Harris
- Function : Author
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Andrew Hector
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Andreas Hemp
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Geerten Hengeveld
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Bruno Hérault
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- IdRef : 059220104
John L Herbohn
- Function : Author
Annika Hillers
- Function : Author
Eurídice N Honorio Coronado
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Cang Hui
- Function : Author
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Thomas Ibanez
- Function : Author
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- IdHAL : thomas-ibanez
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Nobuo Imai
- Function : Author
Andrzej M Jagodziński
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Bogdan Jaroszewicz
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Vivian Kvist Johannsen
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Carlos A Joly
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Tommaso Jucker
- Function : Author
Ilbin Jung
- Function : Author
Viktor Karminov
- Function : Author
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- ORCID : 0000-0002-9298-956X
Kuswata Kartawinata
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Elizabeth Kearsley
- Function : Author
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David Kenfack
- Function : Author
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- ORCID : 0000-0001-8208-3388
Deborah K Kennard
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Sebastian Kepfer-Rojas
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Gunnar Keppel
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Mohammed Latif Khan
- Function : Author
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Timothy J Killeen
- Function : Author
Hyun Seok Kim
- Function : Author
Kanehiro Kitayama
- Function : Author
Michael Köhl
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Henn Korjus
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Florian Kraxner
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Dmitry Kucher
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Diana Laarmann
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Mait Lang
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Huicui Lu
- Function : Author
Natalia V Lukina
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Brian S Maitner
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Yadvinder Malhi
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Eric Marcon
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Beatriz Schwantes Marimon
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Ben Hur Marimon-Junior
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Andrew R Marshall
- Function : Author
Emanuel H Martin
- Function : Author
Jorge A Meave
- Function : Author
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Omar Melo-Cruz
- Function : Author
Casimiro Mendoza
- Function : Author
Irina Mendoza-Polo
- Function : Author
Stanislaw Miscicki
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Cory Merow
- Function : Author
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Abel Monteagudo Mendoza
- Function : Author
Vanessa S Moreno
- Function : Author
Sharif A Mukul
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Philip Mundhenk
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María Guadalupe Nava-Miranda
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David Neill
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Victor J Neldner
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Radovan V Nevenic
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Michael R Ngugi
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Pascal A Niklaus
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Jacek Oleksyn
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Petr Ontikov
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Edgar Ortiz-Malavasi
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Yude Pan
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Alain Paquette
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Alexander Parada-Gutierrez
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Elena I Parfenova
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Minjee Park
- Function : Author
Marc Parren
- Function : Author
Narayanaswamy Parthasarathy
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Pablo L Peri
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Sebastian Pfautsch
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Nicolas Picard
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Maria Teresa F. Piedade
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Daniel Piotto
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Nigel C A Pitman
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Axel Dalberg Poulsen
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John R Poulsen
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Hans Pretzsch
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Freddy Ramirez Arevalo
- Function : Author
Zorayda Restrepo-Correa
- Function : Author
Mirco Rodeghiero
- Function : Author
Samir G Rolim
- Function : Author
Anand Roopsind
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Francesco Rovero
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Ervan Rutishauser
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Purabi Saikia
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Christian Salas-Eljatib
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Philippe Saner
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Peter Schall
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Mart-Jan Schelhaas
- Function : Author
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Dmitry Schepaschenko
- Function : Author
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Michael Scherer-Lorenzen
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Bernhard Schmid
- Function : Author
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Jochen Schöngart
- Function : Author
Eric B Searle
- Function : Author
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Vladimír Seben
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Josep M Serra-Diaz
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Douglas Sheil
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Anatoly Z Shvidenko
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Javier E Silva-Espejo
- Function : Author
Marcos Silveira
- Function : Author
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James Singh
- Function : Author
Plinio Sist
- Function : Author
Ferry Slik
- Function : Author
Bonaventure Sonké
- Function : Author
Alexandre F Souza
- Function : Author
Krzysztof J Stereńczak
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Jens-Christian Svenning
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Miroslav Svoboda
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Ben Swanepoel
- Function : Author
Natalia Targhetta
- Function : Author
Nadja Tchebakova
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Hans ter Steege
- Function : Author
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Raquel Thomas
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Elena Tikhonova
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Peter M Umunay
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Vladimir A Usoltsev
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Renato Valencia
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Fernando Valladares
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Fons van der Plas
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Tran van Do
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Michael E van Nuland
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Rodolfo M Vasquez
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Hans Verbeeck
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Helder Viana
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Alexander C Vibrans
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Simone Vieira
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Klaus von Gadow
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Hua-Feng Wang
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James V Watson
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Gijsbert D A Werner
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Susan K Wiser
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Florian Wittmann
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Hannsjoerg Woell
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Verginia Wortel
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Roderik Zagt
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Tomasz Zawiła-Niedźwiecki
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Chunyu Zhang
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Xiuhai Zhao
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Mo Zhou
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Zhi-Xin Zhu
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Irie C Zo-Bi
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George D Gann
- Function : Author
Thomas W Crowther
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Abstract
Forests are a substantial terrestrial carbon sink, but anthropogenic changes in land use and climate have considerably reduced the scale of this system 1 . Remote-sensing estimates to quantify carbon losses from global forests 2–5 are characterized by considerable uncertainty and we lack a comprehensive ground-sourced evaluation to benchmark these estimates. Here we combine several ground-sourced 6 and satellite-derived approaches 2,7,8 to evaluate the scale of the global forest carbon potential outside agricultural and urban lands. Despite regional variation, the predictions demonstrated remarkable consistency at a global scale, with only a 12% difference between the ground-sourced and satellite-derived estimates. At present, global forest carbon storage is markedly under the natural potential, with a total deficit of 226 Gt (model range = 151–363 Gt) in areas with low human footprint. Most (61%, 139 Gt C) of this potential is in areas with existing forests, in which ecosystem protection can allow forests to recover to maturity. The remaining 39% (87 Gt C) of potential lies in regions in which forests have been removed or fragmented. Although forests cannot be a substitute for emissions reductions, our results support the idea 2,3,9 that the conservation, restoration and sustainable management of diverse forests offer valuable contributions to meeting global climate and biodiversity targets.
Domains
Environmental SciencesOrigin | Files produced by the author(s) |
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Licence |