Global chemical pollution is recognized as a major threat to marine and freshwater environments. The huge biodiversity of aquatic invertebrates, their key position in ecosystem functioning, their suitability for field and laboratory experimental approaches, the existing knowledge on their ecology, along with growing genomic resources made invertebrates as key species models in aquatic ecotoxicology. Thus, from many decades, invertebrate organisms, populations and communities have been employed in laboratory to assess the hazard of inorganic and organic chemicals to aquatic ecosystems, and to survey water environment quality.