Zymoseptoria tritici populations are exposed to a wide range of temperatures both temporally over the epidemic period (from late autumn to early summer) and spatially across the worldwide wheat growing area. It is now well established that these variations in thermal conditions strongly affect epidemiological processes and dynamics. As such, it is of critical importance to quantify the scale and extent of thermal adaptation of Z. tritici populations. Previous research has established that there were signatures of seasonal selection dynamics and contrasted thermal sensitivity among world populations. However, the nature of phenotypic plasticity over the full range of encountered environmental conditions and the adaptation shifts along temperature gradients at both the individual and population levels remain unclear. We investigated the thermal responses of 18 Euro-Mediterranean (sub)populations (416 strains) sampled along: (i) seasonal gradients over an annual field epidemic (winter vs. spring populations); (ii) two French spatial gradients of increasing annual mean temperature and temperature range; (iii) Euro-Mediterranean climatic gradients representative of oceanic, continental and Mediterranean conditions. The full thermal responses of these strains were obtained experimentally using in vitro growth kinetics as a proxy for fitness when establishing thermal performance curves (TPC). Our results show that there is a pronounced intraspecific phenotypic plasticity and individual variability of TPC within local populations (e.g. co-existence of cold- and warmadapted strains). In particular, we highlighted: (i) seasonal selective shifts in TPC with divergence in thermal optima of 3°C between winter and spring populations; (ii & iii) the existence of spatial thermal patterns with adaptation to local environments, but only at the EuroMediterranean scale. By expanding our understanding of the level of diversity in thermal responses of Z. tritici, this study provides a basis for exploring the effects of temperature on the adaptive potential of populations to their natural changing environment.