The chapter begins with an overview of the historical tension between the “agrarian” and “industrial” visions of US agriculture, followed by a presentation of the current manifestation of these visions, sustainable intensification and agroecology. This section ends with a presentation of the competing ontological frames that ground the proposed transition paths: the food security versus food sovereignty discourses. Next, we present the case of the CGIAR (Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) to illustrate and contextualize these competing agrifood knowledge systems in the Anthropocene. Data was collected for this case by both authors through extensive document analysis and interviews by the second author during participant observations at FAO – in her role as a Visiting Scientist - between 2013 and 2021. Finally, we analyze the events of this case informed by a sociology of agriculture and food conceptual framework.