The continuous increase of anthropogenic activities reinforces their stress on aquatic ecosystems (from continental to marine ecosystems) that are the most altered ecosystems on Earth. To evaluate the risk of ecosystem decline toward human alterations, the concept of "ecological vulnerability" was developed to help managers to prioritise conservation actions. Various definitions of vulnerability and its components were used, but this concept is often centered on the intersection of three components: sensitivity, exposition, and adaptive capacity. The aim of this study was through a review of the scientific literature of the last 10 years, first to assess the goals of the use of the concept of vulnerability in aquatic ecology: for which pressure (e.g. climate change, predation) and organism, on which level of organisation (individuals, species, …). The second objective, was to address the methods developed to assess vulnerability: which components were considered, which metrics were used, the scoring process... Fish were the organisms the most frequently concerned and the number of publications decreased with the increasing complexity of biodiversity studied (from populations to multitrophic organisations). Climate change was the main stressor for which vulnerability was assessed. Vulnerability was commonly defined as being highly sensitive, highly exposed and lowly adaptable even if adaptive capacity was rarely addressed. This study showed an interest in the concept of vulnerability to protect aquatic ecosystems. Nonetheless, to better evaluate their risk of biodiversity loss, we should consider vulnerability at a higher level of organisation and encompass the adaptive capacity of the biota.