ICOS eddy covariance flux-station site setup: a review
Corinna Rebmann
(1)
,
Marc Aubinet
(2)
,
Hape Schmid
(3)
,
Nicola Arriga
(4)
,
Mika Aurela
(5)
,
George Burba
(6, 7)
,
Robert Clément
(8)
,
Anne de Ligne
(2)
,
Gerardo Fratini
(6)
,
Bert Gielen
(4)
,
John Grace
(8)
,
Alexander Graf
(9)
,
Patrick Gross
(10)
,
Sami Haapanala
,
Mathias Herbst
(11)
,
Lukas Hörtnagl
(12)
,
Andreas Ibrom
(13)
,
Lilian Joly
(14)
,
Natascha Kljun
(15)
,
Olaf Kolle
(16)
,
Andrew Kowalski
(17)
,
Anders Lindroth
(18)
,
Denis Loustau
(19)
,
Ivan Mammarella
(20)
,
Matthias Mauder
(3)
,
Lutz Merbold
(12, 21)
,
Stefan Metzger
(22, 23)
,
Meelis Mölder
(18)
,
Leonardo Montagnani
(24)
,
Dario Papale
(25)
,
Marian Pavelka
(26)
,
Matthias Peichl
(27)
,
Marilyn Roland
(4)
,
Penélope Serrano-Ortiz
(17)
,
Lukas Siebicke
(28)
,
Rainer Steinbrecher
(3)
,
Juha-Pekka Tuovinen
(5)
,
Timo Vesala
(20)
,
Georg Wohlfahrt
(29)
,
Daniela Franz
(30)
1
UFZ -
Helmholtz Zentrum für Umweltforschung = Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research
2 Université de Liège
3 KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
4 UA - University of Antwerp
5 FMI - Finnish Meteorological Institute
6 LI-COR Biosciences
7 University of Nebraska–Lincoln
8 Edin. - University of Edinburgh
9 Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3)
10 SILVA - SILVA
11 Centre for Agrometeorological Research
12 ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]
13 Department of Environmental Engineering
14 GSMA - Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique
15 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
16 MPI-BGC - Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
17 UGR - Universidad de Granada = University of Granada
18 Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science
19 UMR ISPA - Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère
20 Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
21 International Livestock Research Institute
22 NEON - National Ecological Observatory Network, Science Office
23 University of Wisconsin-Madison
24 Piazza Università
25 Department for innovation in biological, agro-food and forest systems (DIBAF)
26 CAS - Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague]
27 Department of Forest Ecology and Management
28 Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
29 Institute of Ecology
30 Thuenen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture
2 Université de Liège
3 KIT - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology
4 UA - University of Antwerp
5 FMI - Finnish Meteorological Institute
6 LI-COR Biosciences
7 University of Nebraska–Lincoln
8 Edin. - University of Edinburgh
9 Institute of Bio- and Geosciences Agrosphere (IBG-3)
10 SILVA - SILVA
11 Centre for Agrometeorological Research
12 ETH Zürich - Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich]
13 Department of Environmental Engineering
14 GSMA - Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique
15 Skane University Hospital [Lund]
16 MPI-BGC - Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry
17 UGR - Universidad de Granada = University of Granada
18 Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science
19 UMR ISPA - Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère
20 Helsingin yliopisto = Helsingfors universitet = University of Helsinki
21 International Livestock Research Institute
22 NEON - National Ecological Observatory Network, Science Office
23 University of Wisconsin-Madison
24 Piazza Università
25 Department for innovation in biological, agro-food and forest systems (DIBAF)
26 CAS - Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague]
27 Department of Forest Ecology and Management
28 Georg-August-University = Georg-August-Universität Göttingen
29 Institute of Ecology
30 Thuenen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture
Corinna Rebmann
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 772710
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8665-0375
Mika Aurela
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 774816
- ORCID : 0000-0002-4046-7225
Sami Haapanala
- Fonction : Auteur
Andreas Ibrom
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 774818
- ORCID : 0000-0002-1341-921X
Denis Loustau
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 747851
- IdHAL : denis-loustau
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3990-400X
Ivan Mammarella
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 772709
- ORCID : 0000-0002-8516-3356
Lutz Merbold
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 774820
- ORCID : 0000-0003-4974-170X
Meelis Mölder
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 774821
- ORCID : 0000-0001-6767-3195
Leonardo Montagnani
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 770089
- ORCID : 0000-0003-2957-9071
Dario Papale
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 769084
- ORCID : 0000-0001-5170-8648
Matthias Peichl
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 786278
- ORCID : 0000-0002-9940-5846
Georg Wohlfahrt
- Fonction : Auteur
- PersonId : 776789
- ORCID : 0000-0003-3080-6702
Résumé
The Integrated Carbon Observation System Re-search Infrastructure aims to provide long-term, continuous observations of sources and sinks of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and water vapour. At ICOS ecosystem stations, the principal technique for measurements of ecosystem-atmosphere exchange of GHGs is the eddy-covariance technique. The establishment and setup of an eddy-covariance tower have to be carefully reasoned to ensure high quality flux measurements being representative of the investigated ecosystem and comparable to measurements at other stations. To fulfill the requirements needed for flux determination with the eddy-covariance technique, variations in GHG concentrations have to be measured at high frequency, simultaneously with the wind velocity, in order to fully capture turbulent fluctuations. This requires the use of high-frequency gas analysers and ultrasonic anemometers. In addition, to analyse flux data with respect to environmental conditions but also to enable corrections in the post-processing procedures, it is necessary to measure additional abiotic variables in close vicinity to the flux measurements. Here we describe the standards the ICOS ecosystem station network has adopted for GHG flux measurements with respect to the setup of instrumentation on towers to maximize measurement precision and accuracy while allowing for flexibility in order to observe specific ecosystem features.
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