Influence of overfeeding duration and intensity on health and behaviour indicators measured in ducks
Résumé
During overfeeding, ducks are housed in a space of reduced size and forced-fed. In order to improve the condition of birds during this period, it is necessary to have a simple and objective assessment of their status. Since overfeeding intensity and duration influence the duck status, the purpose of the study was to measure the impact of both factors on various health and behavioural indicators measured on the animal. 320 ducks were randomly distributed into 80 pens from 70 to 97 days and forced-fed twice a day by a feed dispenser. Overfeeding was carried out from day 87 to day 97 with a moderate intensity (MI, 376 g of maize flour per meal as a mean during the period, n=160) or a high intensity (HI, 414 g, n=160) procedure. Various indicators were used to measure ‘Good feeding’ (n=3), ‘Good housing’ (n=5), ‘Good health’ (n=10) and ‘Appropriate behaviours’ (n=11). Each indicator was noted as present (1) or absent (0) for each animal in the pen, without handling or restraint, by an observer circulating among the pens. Statistical analyses were done using logistic regression on the 24 indicators having a prevalence higher than 2.5%. 13 indicators were significantly impacted by at least one of the tested factors and preselected. All of 13 were significantly impacted by the days on overfeeding, whereas the intensity of overfeeding degraded all preselected ‘Good feeding’ parameters (2/2) but had no effect on ‘Good health’ parameters (4/4). Most of ‘Good housing’ (2/3) and ‘Appropriate behaviours’ (2/4) parameters were affected by the intensity of overfeeding only at some days due to an interaction between both factors. This experiment evidenced 11 indicators that could be used for on-farm evaluation of the duck status during overfeeding (feed stain, drinking, resting, panting, dirty eyes, leg lesion, blood stain, preening, active, motionless and ruffled). However, questions are still raised to know when this evaluation has to be carried out. Reference values are also still needed for some of them to allow a diagnosis.