Veterinarians’ professional jurisdiction is nowadays facing major challenges. Regulatory changes in the prescribing and dispensing of medicines, which have historically been at the heart of veterinary jurisdiction, could fragilize the medical power of this professional group. This article analyses the practices and strategies deployed by veterinarians to preserve and readapt their jurisdiction, by discussing recent work in sociology of professions and reflecting on how the case of veterinarians could help rethink the contrasting case of human doctors. This article is based on two field studies in France (in diverse livestock sectors) made of more than 40 interviews and 70 h of ethnographic observation of veterinary activity. We first show how veterinarians’ jurisdiction over medicines was built up and how their professional autonomy is put under pressure by recent injunctions to demedicate livestock and to develop preventive approaches to animal health. We then detail how the economic and medical boundaries of veterinary jurisdiction are being redefined through dynamics of protocolization and contractualization of care which allow veterinarians to impose themselves as health managers. Finally, we demonstrate that this situation favors the emergence of new forms of professional legitimacy based on an “evidence-based veterinary medicine” that their competitors cannot contest, and on the development of economic infrastructures that supports and makes it possible to monetize this new professional expertise. Finally, this article discusses contemporary processes of medical professionalization. It argues that, unlike human medicine, veterinary medicine has been able to maintain its professional power even if its historical jurisdiction has been reshaped. This has required a redefinition of professional activity both as a medical (i.e. approaches to animal health) and economic (i.e. business model of veterinary companies) practice.