Geographical distribution plays a crucial role in the effectiveness of breeding and conservation programmes, especially for livestock breeds with a small population size. Among these, transboundary breeds present unique challenges and opportunities for conservation efforts. This study specifically examines the case of transboundary breeds in Europe and the associated challenges. Population and descriptive data were sourced from the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System (DAD-IS) to assess their current state of monitoring and management. The analysis revealed that 42% of the 6,460 National Breed Populations reported in Europe are transboundary, with 25% occurring exclusively within the region (Europe). Alarmingly, 85% of European transboundary breeds are classified as ‘at risk’ or have an ‘unknown’ conservation status, a fact that further accentuates the urgent need for improved sustainable management. This paper identifies key data gaps, for instance related to common understanding of concepts used by managers, and proposes improvements to enhance the monitoring, conservation and management of transboundary breeds in Europe.