This thesis is part of the current context of the international regulation of food safety. It stands at the crossroads of international trade theory, industrial economics and development economics and it comes to evaluate the conditions for an effective and fair multilateral co-regulation of food safety. Such a co-regulation should ensure consumers’ health in developed countries faced to imports from developing countries, the access of developing countries to Northern markets and consumers’ health in developing countries through the improvement of production and commercialization practices in domestic supply chains. In the first part of the thesis, we analyze the conditions for a North-South co-governance of health risk, which would be beneficial to both the health of consumers in the North and producers’ incomes in the South. Considering the context of domestic markets in developing countries, the second part of the thesis determines the conditions for which food security, in a quantitative sense, is not incompatible with food safety. In the last part of the thesis, we analyze public interventions that allow South domestic markets to benefit from progresses achieved in the export sectors. From a methodological point of view, the thesis is based on the conceptual framework of the Theory of Industrial Organization. The theoretical models that we propose serve as a support for empirical works and stylized facts that we review in detail.